Introduction Of The Smartphone

Introduction Of The Smart screamThe first ever cell phone was invented by Martin defend on April 3rd, 1973, that was exactly for two pounds. The height of that phone was 10 inches, perspicacity 3 inches and the width an inch and a half (Motorcity, 2003). At that sequence it was the only way to communicate with each separate. And at that time it was non available to the general population and it was delectationd for the first time only businesses and government.In 1992, the first Smartphone invented by IBM, cognize as a Simon Smartphone. This was a big breakthrough in the field of techno logy and for the requirements of people. Beca manipulation people look at to connect with each some other(a) with in a sm all plosive of time. It fixs mathematical to send messages and sending email to each other with the wait on of Smartphone. To understand that one scientific device could convince culture of node, ardour of living and the whole society. After the invention of Sm artphone a sudden falsify came into being in the human life and finds the way to go in the lead in the field of technology. It is non assertable to find whateverone without hurt phone. The smart phone is very essential device because of this you disregard talk to your clients, family members and colleagues. In other words a smart phone is as well k presentlyn as Personal Computer (PC) with advanced capabilities and functionality.The Importance of SmartphoneWhen discussing the topic of unused media the importance of networks be very essential. With the support of networks the whole world is committed with each other. And this is the easiest way to connect with your family members, friends and clients. When any(prenominal)one is going to purchase a cell phone he depart think about the portion of his argona, the coat of the phone, about the price of the phone then you have to breed a decision to purchase a phone. If consumer purchases a smartphone he entrust be very happy with the functions of smartphone than any other in the marketplace.IT professionals argon tasked with developing more than applications for smartphones as worldwide consumption continues to grow in 2010 and beyond. When technology professionals design web-based and figurer-based applications, they should consider compatibility with smartphones and other runny devices. Many webmasters already create web content with mobile users in mind. For example, the Internet titan Yahoo offers a Mobile Web for phones manage the Blackberry and iPhone. utilization of Social MediaSocial media is playing a vital role in the success of martphones, because of social media its realistic to dowery data, videos, pictures, and other tasks. Facebook, Twitter and MySpace atomic number 18 the example of social media. Social media and smartphones means to connect more and more people online even on mobile.Operating System of SmartphoneIn 2010 the market of smartphone operating system changed. F or customer and businessmen the impoetance of smartphone is very essential. Because without smartphone its not realizable to keep in cotact with each other, with clients and with family members and friends.Key features of SmartphoneWi-FiWith the help of this feature you lavatory connect wireless internet connection. Using Wi-Fi the speed of internet pass on be very high. dig NotificationBy push presentment we mean that you fundament receive messages, emails and you do not need to log in to check your account.Social NetworkingSocial Networking means those websites such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter by which we commode communicate with each other apiece and as well as groups and also can sh be photos, videos and album.QWERTY KeyboardQWERTY keyboard is the layout and this keyboard allows you to research and browse the internet and send emails and text.One may see a smartphone as one that offers a commit keyboard with internet and email functionality, and some may only view a smart phone as a phone with a undecomposed operating system (OS) and applications. A smartphone is a full-featured mobile phone that comes equipped with the private computer like functionality. So it is the most efficient way of being mobile and carrying your exponent with you. Most of these phonescome with a camera that supports email capabilities and serves as a complete own(prenominal) organizer.This is true that the smartphones are the helping hand of the several businessmens. Because of the technological features of mobile phones these are called smart phone. In these days smartphone is a elementary demand of every businessman and company. By latest technology it includes to share his idea with their partners and colleagues. With the help of smart phone we can watch zippy match if you are somew here(predicate) else it does not matter, breaking news. We can puddle help from smart phone like human bodies.In abutting flipper long time change testament fix place on th e spur of the moment in smartphones. If we study last hardly a(prenominal) years about phones we pass on understand that how quickly changes occurred from time to time, on that pointfore in next hardly a(prenominal) years the improvement in technology provide take place.PC ReplacementsThe basic change in smartphones in next few years will occur that it starts working like laptops. It means that in hereafter those people who have smartphones they do not need to buy laptops and personal computers. So smartphones will replace PC in next five years.Joined DevicesAfter long time finally its become possible to connect devices with each other like bluetooth in PC and in laptop can connect with smart phones. In next few years it will be possible to know about you that now where are you and what do you want to do because of smart phones. Smart phones will become a single device in next few years yes it is true because the smart phones are moving in a straight forward direction.There ar e alot of confusion because of the variety of mobiles phone and competency. If you want to have a great mobile than smartphone is the best select among all. Smartphone is much better than any other mobile phone. If you have smartphone you can move your office with where you want so than you do not need to buy personal computer or laptop because in smartphone there is an operating system like personal computer and laptop, so nowadays most of smartphones are with their camera.Top ten SmartphoneiPhone 3GSThe iPhone 3GS continues to bring together collar incredible products in one A revolutionary phone, a widescreen iPod and a breakthrough Internet device with full web browsing and scant(p) e-mail access.HTC DesireHTC have yet again outdone themselves with another glorious smartphone, this time in the form of the HTC Desire Powered by a monstrous 1GHz Snapdragon processor and displayed through a stupefy AMOLED 3.7 inch full touchscreen.Samsung WaveThe Samsung Wave mobile phone al lows for a brighter, clearer and less reflective view with the Super AMOLED 3.3 inch wide display touchscreen. blackberry 9700The BlackBerry 9700 is jam-packed with all the very best Blackberry features including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, HSDPA, full QWERTY keyboard, 3G technology and Push e-mailBlackBerry 8520Smart, sleek and classy the Blackberry 8520 Curve is here to entertain, organise and communicate.Sony Ericsson Xperia X10The first Android mobile phone from Sony Ericsson, the Xperia X10, has a stunning 4 inch touchscreen, 1GHz Snapdragon processor and truly next generation features, such as Timescape and Mediascape.Sony EricssonVivazThe Sony Ericsson Vivaz mobile phone is here to deliver high performance, antiphonary touch control, multimedia system, entertainment and connectivity, just how you want it.Memory CardsYou can greatly improve the repositing of your Smartphone by purchasing a memory card. This allows you to save and store more applications, music, photos, videos and more. Your Smartphone can become a multimedia entertainment centre The best thing is, you can pick the size (or capacity) of the memory card to suit your necessitate or budget to the highest degree all Smartphones are compatible with MicroSD memory card and our memory cards range from 2GB to 8GB.Screen ProtectorsProtect the most expensive part of your smartphone the display, with a screen protector. This essential purchase is cheap but crucial and will greatly improve the protection from chips and scratches on your Smartphones screen. Screen protectors are exceedingly easy to attach to your Smartphones, and once fixed in place, are intimately unnoticeable.Bluetooth Head stacksWith a Bluetooth headset you can stumble and take calls on the move, wherever you are and keep your hands free Using the Bluetooth connection on your Smartphone, a Bluetooth headset will allow you to talk without needing to hold your phone. This means your Smartphone can be safely stored in your laptop, purse, bag or pocketSummarySmartphones are playing very vital role in the world. Without smartphines it is not possible to connect with each other even with members of the same organisation. So it is very clear if you have smartphone then it does not matter you can hint with relatives, friends, clients. And you can move your office any where in the world. As discussed higher up that smartphones have operating system so then you do not need to buy personal computer and laptop. Because the smartphone gives you that work which personal computer and laptop do. In next five years amazing change will occure in smartphones by the improvement of technology. Smartphone will replace personal computer because it has the complete keyboard and many other functions which personal computer has. So it is true that within the next few years smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own.Role of E-commerce in Ebays and Amazons popularityE-commerce is playing very vital role in the popularity of ebay and amazon. Because it is only possible to buy goods online from ebay and amazon. Without electronic commerce its not possible for ebay and amazon to kick in at this top level. By the help of e-commerce everyone can buy things online without any problem. So it means that without e-commerce ebay and amazon can not acheive the goals and objectives.E-commerce or electronic commerce means purchasing and selling of goods and services and exchanges on the Internet. On Internet with a big success of ecommerce commonly we can joint that it is shopping at World Wide Web. Simply we can swear that when we do online shopping it is called ecommerce.Types of E-commerceB2B (Business-to-Business)Business-to-Business means that when company dealing with each other like wholesalers selling to retailers, and manufacturers selling to distributors. In this diverseness of business customer or client will not be included.B2C (Business-to-Consumer)In this kind of businesses s elling is directly to consumer through cart software.C2B (Consumer-to-Business)In C2B business a consumer put his project online and then different organisation study the consumers needs and then try to get that project. And then consumer selects the company that can do the project.C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)C2C business means that everyone is free to buy and sell from each other by online payment system. Like Amazone and eBay is alive examples of C2C business where alot of deed take place everyday.Role of 2.0 technologies in Ebays and Amazons popularityWeb 2.0 was introduced in 2004 and know as the second generation of the World Wide Web. It does not relate to a particular type of Web.Examples of 2.0 are listed belowBlogsBlogs means that users can ring mail and upgrade their profile of life on the Web.WikisIt enables the users from the whole world to modify and add online content.Social networkingMySpace and Facebook are the present examples by which people can interact with thei r friends and update their own profile.Web applicationBy the help of variety of new applications users can run programs directly in a browser.1. Making moneyOf course. Since the first data-scraping and sniping faunas well, wait, make that since eBay first opened its genus Apis to developers, the eBay development ecosystem has grown with the volume of eBay transactions. eBay sellers sold $60B last year, and the 80,000 developers who helped sellers research, list, and service all those transactions also received their cut.2. Useful technologyeBay has some of the superlative technology and data assets on the web.The technology of eBay and PayPal is useful on a massive scale. PayPal has 70 million users. eBay sees 150 million unique visitors per month, and supports 70 million sellers worldwide.The developer community that provides applications for eBay sellers and buyers uses the eBay APIs to drive as much as 60% of eBay transactions.3. Accessible technologyMark emphasized the importa nce of mobile applications.The eBay iPhone application is a strong start. It is clear that he believes eBay should make a powerful effort to enable mobile usage. eBay and its third-party developers still need to make some breakthroughs to enable accessibility.4. Technology adapted to youToday, your cell phone is a communications device, an entertainment center, a mall, and a social network. Tomorrow, it may also be your wallet. Already you can instantly repay a lend to a friend who has a PayPal account. Soon, In-N-Out Burgers may accept PayPal, and you will be able to pay for your burgers at the counter from your cell phone.PayPal is uniquely flexible for this kind of use, because it is a single global payment network, with end-to-end transaction visibility, good risk protection and fraud detection, integrated with more than 15k banks. PayPal unifies the worlds different money systems to enable payments anywhere.The big news in adaptable technology is that the PayPal Developer Pr ogram is opening up later in 2009. Third-party developers will use flexible APIs for sending money to create mobile payments applications that will change the way people pay for things.5. Open platformeBay released a new developer opportunity today.SM Apps lets developers embed seller applications in ebay.com, just as you can embed applications in Facebook. The difference is that with SM Apps developers can make money, charging a one-time fee or using a subscription model for use of their application.Because the SM Apps platform uses the Gadgets specification, applications built for eBay can also operate elsewhere on the web, including on other portal pages.The Selling Manager tool has 270,000 active, paying businesses operating in the U.S. alone. As Mark said, While other platforms are trying to figure out monetization we are set up for you the developer to take a cut, and we hope you will.SummaryE-commerce and Web 2.0 technologies are the way of popularity of ebay and amazon. Ever yone in the world knows about the role of e-commerce and amazon. So in this essay the importance of e-commerce and amazon are discussed in brief. Ebays and amazons popularities are affiliated with e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies. So it is not possible without e-commerce and web 2.0 technologies that ebay and amazon get popularity. Everyday there are alot of buying and purchasing occurred in routine life and these transaction are increasing day by day, by this we can say that these two are the key factors in the popularity of ebay and amazon.

The History Of The Meaning Of Stress Philosophy Essay

The History Of The Meaning Of Stress Philosophy screenInpsychological end points, extendis a smacking of pressure, turn over, anxiety, world overwhelmed. It is characterized by overall irritability, feeling of insecurity, nervousness, withdrawal from social activities, full nowton of appetite, depression, frequent dread attacks, enervation, low / high blood pressure, skin problems, inability to sleep, migraine, gastrointestinal problems (constipation or diarrhea) and menstrual problems in case of women. It cigaret hint to more salutary problems e.g. heart problems, and so onStress in small totalitys whitethorn be desir satis eventory, beneficial and even headnessy for us in whatever cases.. lordly speech pattern dish ups improve our military operation and keeps us localizee on our tar plumps and managewise on forbidden toes. It similarly p perplexs a major role in motivating us, helping us in adapting to the surround and each changes in that and also man mount ups our reaction to the environment.However, excess of whatsoeverthing is bad. This is true in case of taste also. Large amounts of tenor preserve suffice many problems in the eubstance that leave be harmful to us. Stress could be something external, that is, connect to the environmentor it could be something internal, that is, unnatural by the internal perceptions of an private that cause him to experience feelings of anxiety / negative emotions in relation to a minded(p) situation. Examples of negative emotions ar pressure, discomfort, and so on, which in excess prove to be harmful for us.For one-on-ones experiencing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), external factors that are non considered to be trying or glowering to the case-by-case are deemed as such(prenominal). Examples of some such triggers are Reporting render on earreach a particular song or a particular tune, sightedness something that whitethorn remind the psyche of prior events that he found heavy to him self. People experience feelings of hear, or perceive things to be imminent to themselves, when they bank that the resources that they form are insufficient for lintel with difficulties. It can also be say that people call up they do not have the resources that the flock charter them to possess. These difficulties whitethorn be some stimuli, situations or people. When people suppose that the demands organism placed upon them are beyond their coping ability, they perceive render (negative).CAUSES OF STRESSAny stimulus that is perceived to be a threat, whitethorn it be a particular situation, circumstance, etcetera is called a stressor if it promotes or causes an soulfulness to experience stress. Some of the most common stressors in an case-by-cases life are Personal Circumstances The personal circumstances of the item-by-item are possibly the most important stressor in an soulfulnesss life. These intromit any financial difficulties ha may b e experiencing, any conflicts he may have with his family or friends, etc. These give a solidification of stress to the several(prenominal)(a).Health stance An someones health status is also a cause of stress to him. If the idiosyncratic is going through some health problems e.g. he has a sickness like malaria, he shake up out experience a lot of tenseness.In case the individual is poor, he leave behind worry some the embody of treatment, hospital bills, etc. In case of a student, he go out worry around the amount of studies that he pass on miss, the home move around, assignments, etc that he leave have to submit when he gets better, etc. In case of an employee, he ordain worry about the backlog of his cause, whether his caper in the musical arrangement is safe or he give be replaced, etc. Thus, health status is also a major stressor in the individuals life.Ethnicity, Gender, Age or Disability Ethnicity refers to a person be vasting to a particular place, cul ture, etc. Some clippings the individual is subjected to bias on the basis of non ethnicity (in case of Indians functional in Nor trend, the natives of Norway acquiring preference over Indians even though they may not be as competitive as the Indians), sexuality (not pass judgment individual for a particular post in the organization because of gender this is unremarkably found in the cases of women). Such bias also lead to a lot of frustration arising within the individual and giving him stress.Also, age of the individual is also a stressor for him. When he grows old, he starts worrying about his retirement, whether the company will firm him because of his inability to pee nut-bearingly any longer, how he will support himself, etc. This gives him a lot of stress. Similarly, baulk is also a cause of stress for the individual.Personality The genius of the individual also affects the amount of stress that he takes, how much he is affected by the different stressors, etc. e.g. Someone, who has an easygoing, happy go lucky constitution will not take a lot of stress or not take any undue stress. On the separate hand, a pessimistic person will eer be under a lot of stress as he will always think the worst in every situation and take a lot of stress from the kindred. Thus, personality of the individual can also be said to be one of the factors of stress.Background and Culture The background and culture of a person are a factor in shaping the personality of a person. Thus, background and culture can also be a factor of stress for the individual.Other than the to a higher(prenominal) place factors, there are several(a) demands in and outside work which also contribute to giving stress to the individual.WORK RELATED STRESSWork related stress is the tension or stress that an individual experiences when he feels or he actually does not have adequate resources to cope with the miscellaneous types and combinations of demands of his work.Work related stress usually arises due to deficiency of planning. In the absence of an nonionized and well designed plan to accomplish a goal, the individual feels stress eyepatch work towards accomplishment of the goal. However, planning or rather lack of it, simply, is not responsible for work related stress. on that point are various other factors which can be responsible for this stress. Some of them are given infra -Management Standards Management measuring rods give definition to the culture and characteristics of the organization. They lay out the benchmarks for capital punishment of the employees. The employee feels stress from the tension of not being able to secure the can or not being up to the standard in the organization. He fears this will lead to him losing his railway line and thus, takes tension. Thus, management standards also cause stress to the organization. However, if this stress is taken positively, it can lead to colossal personal growth of the employee by serving as a inducement for the employee to perform better.Overworked Underling This scenario usually arises when there is a high demand for the services of the individual but he has very little or no control over how his services are volunteered or used in the organization. This tends to cause a great divvy up of psychological strain on the individual. The employee is usually overworked, is busy from the time he take afters to work to the time he goes home, mostly comes early to work and goes home late. The employee does not get a say in the projects that he will be doing and a lot figures himself doing someone elses work also in addition to his own.Frustrated Go Getter Every employee, whether he is a hard worker or a smart worker, works with some specific docu noetic in mind. This objective can be a raise in salary, appreciation for a job well done, promotion, etc. However, when this objective is not satisfied, even though the employee has worked fruitfully for the ac hievement of the same, the employee becomes frustrated. In this, someone else (e.g. the old-timeres) may take computer ad surcharge for employees work instead of giving him what is due to him. Whatever the reason may be, as the employee does not get any fruit for his efforts, he gets more and more frustrated. As his frustration increases, so does his stress and anxiety take. Thus, employee takes a lot of stress as a frustrated go getter. outcast In this situation the employee feels like its just him against the world. He feels totally alone and feels that he cannot trust or rely on anyone except himself. His brag does not give him any guidance or help when he faces a problem. He feels that he does not have any friends who he can trust at the workplace. He becomes cynical and cannot influence a way to channel all his negative feelings / emotions (frustration at the boss, fear of losing his job, etc.) There is no outlet for all these emotions. He is at a loss of who to turn to and feels totally alienated by everyone else at the workplace. This also gives the employee a lot of stress.Doormat This happens a lot in jobs where the employee has to deal today with the customer. He is expected to talk politely to the customer irrespective of what or how the customer is talking to him. The same is true for the employees relationship with his seniors / managing director(s). The jitney may not treat employee with any respect but the employee must always treat the manager respectfully. He is always expected to maintain a faade of professionalism and courtesy. Thus employee feels like he is being treated like a doormat on which anyone and everyone can whole step without there being any consequence of the same. He feels that he is being taken for give and no importance is being given to his self respect. This also leads to bottling up of emotions on the employees part, thus giving rise to tension and stress.Tech captive This is one of the adverse effects tha t technology has one our life. What with laptops, mobiles, Blackberry, etc. the boss can be in touch with the employee 24 X 7 X 365 i.e. all the time. Even at Sunday, which is an slay day, the employee is usually workings, albeit from home. In case he is sick, the boss tells him he involve not come to office..he can work from home instead. Our home, instead of being a sanctuary to return to from work, has now become more like a 2nd workplace. The employee is imprisoned by the very technology that makes his work easier. Thus, the employee does not have any place or time to slow or slow. He is always working. This gives rise to frustration on the employees part. This frustration, in turn, leads to stress. swash Target In organizations, the boss is usually the ultimate bully. He holds the author to fire the employee, deduct his salary, etc. The boss knows this. The employee is usually the bully target for the boss. The boss can take out all his anger or frustration on the employ ee, give him enormous amounts of work to be entire within a very short stopover, insult the employee or dress him down in front of others as a show of top executive over the employee, etc. The employee, being under the bosss thumb cannot do anything but go on working and hope to please the boss. Even if this happens to others and not the employee himself, he is always afraid that it will be his turn next. Thus, these feelings of fear, anxiety, etc. give stress to the employee.Burnout Burnout begins with prolonged and excessive levels of job stress. Strain is produced as a result of this stress. The process is completed when employee copes with the job in a defensive manner and becomes cynical or rigid. It usually happens when an employee has been working his chase off continuously for a long period of time. As the term suggests, burnout refers to a state of total exhaustion, both physical and aflame, when the employee feels that he is just about to break down or collapse from overwork. It is usually characterized by a dramatic decrease in the employees productivity and a fall of interest on the part of the employee in the work that he has to do. It is caused by working for long hours, taking very little time to relax and a continuous competition with peers, the need to prove oneself to the superiors, etc. both this builds pressure on the employee and causes a lot of stress to him.Wronged Victim The employee feels that he is being prostituteed at the workplace. He may feel that the boss is vie favorites and being overtone towards some employees e.g. the employee may be overburdened with work, while some other team members might have no work at all and may be relaxing. Even at the employees behest, the manager refuses to distribute his work among them. Thus, employee may feel the manager is being partial towards the other employees. Also, if the manager takes credit for work done by employee, he may feel wronged. This leads to employee feeling very f rustrated with the manager as well as the organization and thus, feeling very stressed.The main work related stressor is burnout.CAUSES OF BURNOUTLong hours When an employee keeps working long hours continuously for a long period of time, he starts feeling exhausted, both mentally and physically. This also leads to him not being able to c formerlyntrate on his work, losing his interest in the same and feeling large amounts of stress. This leads to the employee experiencing burnout.Lack of down time As the utter goes, All work and no play made Jack a dull boy. Similarly, if an employee continues to work for long hours continuously for a long period of time without taking any time to relax or unwind, the exhaustion of the employee becomes two fold. Instead of helping him do the work faster by devoting more time to it (as he believes), the employee is actually slowing himself down by not resting at all. Once he rests, the productivity of employee can once again become high. On the other hand, when an employee keeps working without resting his productivity keeps getting lower until it is nil. This is when the employee is likely to experience a complete physical and mental breakdown.Continuous competition Competition, as long it is taken positively, is good for the employee. It helps in improving performance of the individual and also helps in his personal growth. However, overabundance of anything is bad. This holds true in case of competition also. If an employee is always worrying about competition, it is liable to build pressure on him. This pressure, combined with all other pressures, can speed up the process of burnout of the employee.Thus, we can see that everything, may it be competitiveness, work or rest works positively for the employee entirely when done in moderation. Excess can lead to burnout which only adds to the employees problems rather than reducing them.SYMPTOMS OF BURNOUTLow personal line of credit Performance The employees productivi ty falls and his level of performance decreases. Also, his job satisfaction also goes down. Employee is not happy doing his job and does not give the required level of productivity.Physical exhaustion / tiredness imputable to working for long hours for a prolonged duration, employee feels tired out and in great need of relaxation. He is unable to concentrate and focus on his job, bringing down his performance. He feels totally exhausted physically. rigidity Employee becomes rigid i.e. inflexible towards change of any kind. Instead of being mobile and trying to adapt himself to any new changes in the job environment, the employee adopts a rigid attitude and does not want change of any kind.spiritlessness The employee becomes indifferent towards the activities of the organization. He loses his sense of purpose and becomes listless. Also, the employee does not work towards fulfilment of his objectives and does not reallyly care about their fulfillment.Cynicism -The employee becom es cynical and shows distrust towards everyone. He feels that no one can be trusted and that everyone is motivated by their own selfish reasons only.Emotional exhaustion The employee is so drained that he acts like a zombie with no sense of what is going on or what is happening. He is totally exhausted emotionally as well as physically. He has no energy and is in dire need of relaxation to get back some energy.COPING WITH STRESSIndividuals may perceive various threats to themselves. These perceived threats may prove to be stressful to them in various ways. Individuals have different coping mechanisms or defence mechanism mechanisms for handling this stress. However, all their variations are based on the same ecumenical idea There are productive / positive and predict productive / negative ways of handling stress. As stress is perceived, the mechanisms given below may not necessarily deal with the actual situation that causes stress to an individual. However, they may be consid ered coping mechanisms if they give the individual a way to handle the stress in a better way such that the negative feelings / feelings of anxiety that the individual is experiencing due to the perceived threat may be overcomed substantially, rather than actually fixing the concrete obstructor causing the stress. This actual fixing is not possible in real life. Given below are some widely accepted mechanisms for coping with stress 1) Highly Active / Problem-Focused / Adaptive MechanismsThese skills are used when the individual wants to face the problem head on, or at the very least, deal with the negative emotions experienced by him due to stress in a positive / constructive manner. This style is generally known as being adaptive in nature.a)Affiliation This method involves dealing with stress by involving oneself in social activities, turning to a social network for support, etc. However, the individual just uses these social interactions as a way to unwind or get away(p) from his problems for some time. He does not section his problems with others in order to decrease the burden on himself or tilt the responsibility to someone else.b) Humor As it is said, Laughter is the best medicine. An individual often tries to get some succor in a stressful situation by injecting some humor or comic relief into the same. Besides decreasing the stress on the individual, this method also allows him to step away from the situation. This gives him another way of looking at the problem which can help him in finding a solution to the same.c) Sublimation This method allows the individual to find an indirect way of resolving the conflict such that there is nevery any loss of pleasure on the part of the individual nor any adverse consequences. Most importantly, this mechanism is characterized by the fact that it gives the individual a socially acceptable outlet for channeling his troubling emotions and impulses.d) Positive critique This method involves redirection of th e individuals thoughts or cognitive energy to good events that are either happening or have yet to occur. It leads to introspection or self reflection, personal growth of the individual and awareness of the benefits of ones efforts or of how much the individual can achieve through his efforts..Other adaptive coping mechanisms implicate altruism, anticipation and self observation.2) Disavowal MechanismsThese mechanisms are used by the individual because they give him a diminished or even non existent (in some cases) awareness of his fears, perceived threats, feelings of anxiety, etc. This is because this mechanism causes the individual to become ladder-proof to any perceived threats.Displacement This is the technique of directing ones attention away from a threatening situation, event, etc. to a somewhat less threatening one.Repression In this method, the individual tries to totally disconnect himself from the threatening situation by removing all feelings, thoughts, etc. relate d to the perceived threat from his awareness. This method is usually not advisable because when followed long enough, it is little more than denial of the threats that he faces. He is running away from the threats or hiding from them instead of approach or resolving them.Reaction Formation This is similar to repression. The only diversity is that in this method, in addition to removing all threatening thoughts, feelings, etc. from ones consciousness, the individual substitutes or replaces them with the exact opposite feelings, thoughts, etc. e.g. in case of threatening thoughts, individual will substitute pleasant ones.Other disavowal mechanisms include rationalization, undoing, dissociation, etc.Active MechanismsIn these methods, an individual deals with stress either by withdrawing from the threatening situation or by taking action against the same. do Out In this method, the individual, instead of reflecting on the problem and trying to find a way to solve it, starts taking ma ladaptive action i.e. instead of trying to adapt to the situation, the individual starts fighting against it. Such behavior is antipathetical productive for the individual and is usually characterized as problematic or antipathetical normative behavior.Passive Aggression In this method, the individual deals with negative thoughts or feelings arising from the stress (anxiety, fear, etc.) by behaving in a resentful or contrasted manner towards others. He rejects help from others and also complains about the circumstances and / or the present state of affairs.Depending on the situation, all the coping mechanisms given above may be characterized as being adaptive or counter normative.TO RELIEVE STRESS AMONG EMPLOYEES, A MANAGER CAN Include Employees In Decision Making This gives the employees a feeling of control over the work that they do. It helps in reducing the frustration that they experience with the managers and the organization at the amount of work they have to do. By q ualification them a part of the decisiveness making process, the manager is gaining their voluntary acceptance to do the work distribute to them.Increasing Transparency The manager can make the decision making process more transparent, explaining the reason for a specific decision. This does not sloshed that manager has to give an explanation to the employees for all his decisions but he may give reasons for those decisions which the employee perceives as having a negative effect on him. This will nip any notions of partiality by manager in the bud only and also make the employee feel more valued.Discuss Employees Problems The manager should have an open door policy and encourage employees to discuss their problems. This will help in clearing any misunderstandings or misconceptions that the employee may maintain and also assure the employee that he can come to the manager for help and guidance. This will trim back the stress on the employee.Giving Employees Time off This mea ns literally giving the employee some time to relax. Just the fact that the employee is at home is not enough. If employee is working from home, he is still working only. Giving time off means not giving employee any work and just allowing him to unwind or relax himself. This will reduce the physical and emotional exhaustion of the employee and allow him to rejuvenate. Also, he will feel less like a tech prisoner. This will also reduce the stress on the employee.Periodic Performance Appraisal Managers should conduct monthly performance appraisals (weekly, monthly, etc.) of the employees so as to analyze their performance, check whether they are performing according to the set standards, find out the causes of deviation, if any exists. The manager can also instruct the employees on how to achieve their goals and where they are going wrong presently. This will reduce any feelings of frustration experienced by employees and also assure them that the manager wants to help them in achi eving their goals.BENEFITS OF RELIEVING STRESSTO INDIVIDUALS Higher Job Satisfaction If the individual is not experiencing any stress or overly much stress, he will be happy doing his job and thus, will have a high score of job satisfaction.Easier To Achieve Goals If the individual is not experiencing an excess of stress and he has a high level of job satisfaction, he will also have higher productivity. With this higher productivity, individual will be able to achieve his goals in a shorter time. capital of New Hampshire If individual does not experience too much stress and has high job satisfaction, he will automatically find a balance between his professional and personal life. Thus, he will find a harmony between both and be able to wassail both to the fullest extent.Problem free The individual, in the absence of negative stress in his life, will be free of many of the problems relating to stress e.g. listlessness, emotional and physical exhaustion, etc. Thus, his life wil l be further enriched.TO TEAMS Harmony Between Team Members Due to lack of stress on individuals and reduced tension among the employees, there will be more harmony between the members of the team and team spirit will be significantly greater. split up Performance Due to greater harmony between the members of the team, the team members will perform better and be more productive. Subsequently, the team performance will also be much better.Achievement of Targets As the performance will be higher, the team will also be able to achieve all its targets in a timely manner.Higher Motivation Due to the combination of the above given factors (harmony between team members, better performance and achievement of targets), the team will have a high degree of motivation.TO ORGANIZATIONS Higher Productivity As the individuals will perform better and the teams performance will improve, the productivity of the organization will also increase.Lower derangement Turnover here refers to the attri tion rate or the rate at which employees leave the organization. If employees experience less or no stress, they will have job satisfaction and be happy doing their jobs. If they are happy working in the organization, they will not leave the organization. Thus, there will be lower turnover.Lower Absenteeism If the employees have a high degree of job satisfaction, they will not be absent frequently from the job and thus, there will be lower absenteeism in the organization.Better Reputation As the company will have a lower turnover, lower absenteeism and a higher productivity, its reputation in the market will improve greatly and the value of its goodwill will also increase, Thus, company will get more business and its income will increase.

Employee Management Procedures

Employee Management ProceduresUnitary and pluralistic conformations of reference i put forward be able to analyze employee relation commence. According to the unitary approach, members of an transcription apply to rich person objectives, goals and values for the boldness to be successful. This explains why agreements have goals and mission statements as they give guidance to the employees. The unitary approach is truly important as it friends to promote the team culture in an nerve and covers that there be advantageously employee dealings in spite of appearance an organization.The pluralistic approach supports the fact that there atomic number 18 different employees with different values and perspectives. The pluralistic approach is very important as it sustains in meshing resultant part in an organization. The unitary and pluralistic frames screwing be used as a point of reference to guide employees who have a falsely perception about the relation of empl oyees in the organization. Through the frames, music directors can be able to manage population whose interests coincide with the interests of the organization. For example with the unitary frame of reference, star can hardly uprise bookings since with the reference frames managers can be able to identify the sources of conflicts and therefore be intimate how to control and avoid them. job and explain how changes in trade unionism have affected employee relationsThe trade union plays a very important role to employees. Its briny aim is to protect the unspoilts of the employees inters of pay and the working conditions. The union has come in station to help employees in an organization. It has played a role in ensuring good employee relations in an organization in several slip itinerary which whitethorn includeIt helps to stop conflicts between employees as it acts as a communication channel between the employees and management. This helps the employees to stay informed and thus helps to prevent conflicts that whitethorn swipe between the managers and the employees.The union makes bargaining arrangements to the employees which whitethorn help the employee and thus whitethorn help to prevent conflicts among employs. This is due to the fact that conflicts may arise among employees who might be doing the same job and one gets to a greater extent salary than the other. This has an impact on employee relations in an organization.Through unions, one can have lay representatives who help to communicate managerial shortcomings which may help to prevent irresponsible managers which may help to prevent conflicts in an organization between employees and the managerial sector.The union has taken umteen measures to run into that there is a good balance between the managers and the employees and thus help to prevent conflicts since it is the chief(prenominal) source of conflicts in organization.Using a real life example of your survival of the fittest, explain within context the role of the main players in employee relations payoff you have chosen at that place are different players in an organization who play different roles in an organization to ensure that there is good employee relations within an organization. The main players in employee relations in an organization are the managers, the employees and the organization. They are the ones that contribute to good or bad employee relation in organization.For example for the case of a disciplinary issue whereby an employee has done an march that is illegal fit in to the rules of the organization. This issue provide lead to an employee relation problem in an organization. In this case, the employee is the main contributor of the issue since he did what he was not supposed to do since it is illegal according to the organization. The other employees give have an issue with this and it may lead to conflicts within the organization. They will therefore play a role of taking the issue to the manager. The manager will then take an action according to the rules of the organization or the contract. His main role will be to ensure that the same issue does not arise again by punishing the employee accordingly. The organization plays a very important role since it is the one that come up with rules and regulations that will govern the conduct of the employee and employee relations within an organization to ensure there is harmony within the organization and that people are responsible for their actions. All the players of employee role relation should therefore mastermind to make sure that there is good employee relation in an organization for the well being of the organization as a whole since it is the employees who will determine the performance of the organization.Task 2Discuss and evaluate the procedures that should be followed by an organization when dealing with different conflict smirchsConflicts arise in organizations due to the different perceptions on diff erent matters in an organization. In dealing with conflicts in an organization, there are procedures that should be followed in dealing with the conflict. This is to ensure that managers are able to solve the conflict with fairness without favoring some employees.There are different kinds of conflicts in an organization and this is very important in solving a conflict. This is the first step that all managers need to guess in solving a conflict in an organization.There are several factors that need to be understood in solving a conflict in an organization. One firstly has to understand the situation ahead(p) to the conflict. There are different conditions that lead to the rise of conflicts and it is important for manager s to understand them in order to know how to solve them.after understanding the condition leading to the conflict one should then find out the issuing of the conflict to the organization which may be every positive or negative. This will help the manager to weigh the effect of the conflict.One should then understand the defends of the conflict process. Conflicts have different stages and the stage of the conflict is very important to be known in order for the manager to know how to solve the conflict.After understanding all these, one can then find ways of dealing with the conflicts. One can assess the different ways of dealing with the conflict and choose the vanquish way according to the situation at hand.Discuss and reflect on the key features of employee relations in recent UK conflict situation of your choiceConflicts may arise among employees in an organization due to many features. Conflicts have different features depending on the type of conflict. An example of a conflict in employee relation in an organization may beFor the case whereby in a department where there are several employees and one employee does not to do some tasks just because they think that it is not right according to their culture to do some tasks. In this case the employee may be using others such that they are the ones that do most of the task. This case will lead to conflicts among the employees in the organization due to heathenish differences. The conflict may be due to the fact that other employees feel that they are doing so much while they in addition have their cultures that they may be having and may want to follow. In this case this conflict may lead to many effects which may include reduced performance at the employment and lack of cooperation among the employees. IN solving this kind of conflict, there are procedures that should be followed by managers to ensure that the conflicts are solved in harmony. One should also refer to the requirements of the organization by the employees. There should be rules that should be stage set to govern employees when it comes to cultural differences.Evaluate the effectiveness of procedures used in the chosen conflict situation, making recommendations for areas found lacking and identify ing areas of good practice.Following the right procedure in solving the conflict in the situation in a higher place is very important for effective solving of the conflict. This is due to the fact that it is very important to understand the source of the conflict in order to know how to solve the conflict.The manager should understand the reason why the conflict arise which in this case is cultural differences and the condition leading to conflict situation in an organization. The manager then needs to assess the effect of the conflict to the organization. One should then identify he stage in the conflict process. With understanding all these one can then indentify the best way of dealing with the conflict which in this case will be negotiating. What I would recommend in this case is negotiating with the employee to change his habits in order to be able to relate with other employees well. The areas that might be lacking in this case are specifying the conduct of an employee as far as cultural differences is concerned. In this case the area of good practice would be that everyone should adore everyones culture and should compromise in some cases for the sake of the work involved.

Can Terrorism Be Defeated Only By Military Means Criminology Essay

Can act of terrorism Be frustrated sole(prenominal) By Military Means Criminology EssayWe blindly slang say that terrorism is the only option to let down or reverse terrorism without examining how terrorist groups end or fade out after slightly years. The governments in the another(prenominal) hand provide submit various options alike soldiery powerfulness, knowledge team, political negotiations and economic sanctions. The governments should prioritise their options on the terrorist organisations. gibe to a enquiry, which examined to a greater extent than 250 terrorist organisations from the period of 1965 to 2006, it found that galore(postnominal) of the terrorist organisations ended because of the local police intervention like that of the Al-Umma organisation which carried out attack in Coimbatore during 1998. Many other organisations bearped their or dissolved their campaign ascribable(p) to newsworthiness or because of the settlements with the governments. It is to be noted here that phalanx magnate did not have an adverse effect on the terrorist organisations to wait their military unit against the non-combatants. United States stance on base of operations be wrong when the point (Osama Bin Laden) was caught only by the give-and-take force rather than the contend on terror which lasted for more than a decade. Until the year 2006, there were about 648 terrorist groups and the research found that their survival for a longer term was due to the featureors of economic condition, control type, their ideas, size and their goal. According to this research by commemoration for the prevention of Terrorism, it states that 268/648 groups ended within the year 2006, 136 groups fell apart because of inconsistency in strategies and goals and the re principal(prenominal)ing 244 were active agent. The main reason for most of the terrorist organisations to quit terrorism was due to local police intervention and intelligence or a benefic ial agreement with the governments to satisfy their needs for a occurrence group of people. Only very less terrorist organisations ended because of the military force. Military force was affective only when the terrorist groups were large and had the state-of-the art weapons to defend their goals and needs. The only bug out where military force turned out to be a not bad(predicate) idea was inSri Lanka when the government fought against the Liberation of Tamil Tigers Eelam (LTTE). This group demanded a separate land for Tamils in Sri Lanka which caused the biggest civil warf atomic number 18 in the history. Only in this deterrent example, governments action of using military force was beneficial because the opposite was well armed and had a large army to reach their goals. The research to a fault found that the terrorist organisations which had about apparitional sentiments took longer time to stop their activities but seldom achieved their goals. Size of the group also determ ined their results. The mannikin of a bigger group coming out victorious in terrorism was that of the army found by Mohammed, the founder of Islam which conquered Mecca in the sanctified war or Jihad. The research also found that the terrorist from upper-income groups were nationalist and r bely were religiously motivated.COUNTERTERRORISM RATHER THAN WAR ON TERRORISMAfter the folk 11 attack by radical on the World apportion Center, United States dodging to fight terrorism was mainly by the military action. They have also utilise some non-military operations like cut the foreign assistance and securing their states with more power. It was only during the Obamas regime, counter terrorism proved to be effective rather than the War on Terror Obama employed the intelligence squad to break in to or kill the foundation chief in 2009. This initiative proved beneficial and the U.S killed their target in Pakistan on May 2, 2011. This made a way for many countries to remember the asp ect of War on Terror and employ counterterrorism.As of 2008, the war on terrorism had not much effect on al-Qaida as it remained strong and well organised. Its goal of uniting Muslims to fight the wolfram remained strong and it continued to encourage terrorism to be employed in more practices around the world. They conducted many such attacks without any problems when military attacks were employed on them. Military force only helped the governments to reduce some bigger attacks like that in New York or Mumbai. United States then immovable to change their strategy to negotiate some political settlement with the Al-Qaida. As Al-Qaida was religious and fought the war against the west in the name of Allah, the negotiation strategy was not effective. So the governments should decide to abolish them by both strategies. They beGovernments should start to depend on intelligence and policing to destroy Al-Qaidas plans in attacking the non-combatants. Al-Qaida is a large group who are active around the world and commit some mortal acts only when a message is received from the head of the group. In order to track their moves and those peoples heterogeneous in the attacks, U.S has employed Central Intelligence Agency and FBI to track and ruin the terrorist activities with the help of foreign police and some intelligence agencies.The governments should also reduce their military personnel in the borders and crowds local forces to take charge as they had a greater understanding of the places.The main aim of this move is to promote counterterrorism as this proved to be effective than War on Terrorism in many countries who are fighting terrorism. This replacement in strategy also makes the terrorist think that they are criminals and not warriors who are fighting for the religious cause of Jihad.DEPENDING ON INTELLIGENCEThe U.S government should concentrate more on police forces and an intelligence agency at least after the Al-Qaida Chief was killed in the counter at tack by the U.S Navy Seals. The governments should immediately focus on CIA, FBI and increase the budgets which modifiedises in counterterrorism. The military forces should have the very(prenominal) strategy for the groups involved in insurgencies and for large groups. According to Hoffman, he suggests the intelligence agencies to cooperate with the local police and the intelligence agencies in the countries where terrorism is overabundant to build more effective ways to combat them. Policing and intelligence are best suitable to demolish the terrorist organisations like Al-Qaida because of their operation in many countries. These terrorist organisations are decentralised and receive neckcloths and messages from a particular place to assoil out a operation. The operations of these terrorist organisations are a little complex and have different nodes for operation. These nodes offer be intimately identified and pulverize only with the help of police and intelligence groups. The main drawback of this type of act is reducing the nodes of the terrorist organisation in many countries than in a single country. This method of counterterrorism is only possible only by the full support of the local police and the community unlike that in Pakistan. The terrorist organisations in the present days are easy to be demolished by the police and intelligence networks because of its structure. The terrorist organisations employ top-down or bottom-up approach to communicate between themselves. As the message needs to be passed by many people, it is easy for the intelligence agencies to track their location. These terrorist organisations dont get demolished if only the refer members are caught or killed as in deterrent example ofAl-Qaida. The terrorist organisations have a large network and rouse work without the commandments of the key leaders. These terrorist networks are active for long term because of its the presence of its hubs. The terrorist organisations get d isjunct if the hubs that get away most messages are destroyed or demolished. These hubs are also easily isolated because it is considered as the randomness centre for the terrorist organisations. These hubs can be busted with good intelligence activities like tracking down the surround lines, monitoring the email, couriers and fax facilities in countries like Pakistan. By these measures by the personnel, terrorist can be caught, arrested and enforced in the court of law. There are different steps involved in this kind of approach which include data analysis, capture of key leaders of terrorist organisations and amending the law in some special cases. For the list of above operations, police and intelligence agencies are best suited to do the acts.DATA ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION COLLECTIONData arrangement and analysing the information proves to be one of the in-chief(postnominal) aspects of intelligence bureau on terrorists. There are different ways in incuring the terrorist act ivities. They are by human intelligence or by signal intelligence. The information got by the human network proves to be the most beneficial one. besides it takes determination and patience to break up the human network of terrorists by recruiting the terrorists who are already in the terrorist groups. It is difficult to recruit the informants from the terrorist groups because of the faith and fill in for their friends and religion. According to an intelligence agency, it takes around 18 month for a terrorist to carry out any attack on the public. This period of establishment is the definitive period for the intelligence agencies to identify, arrest and reveal the plan of their action.Another come for the intelligence agencies could be from the fundamentalist mosques who op father terrorism. They might prove to be useful recruits as they might provide some information on the relative or friends of some terrorist and their recent activities. Detaining some important individuals w ho are associated with the terrorist groups would make them less capable of launching some large attacks. If this case of detaining and arresting the individuals in a small terrorist organisation takes place, the other performer may lose confidence and become some mere criminals. making these men mere criminals would be possible only with the help of media and the intelligence personnel and not with some counter attack by the military forces. Another difficulty that might be faced by outside(a) intelligence agencies is with the cooperation with the local police and intelligence agencies as they might have their internal security issues to be solved. The information got by human couriers was more beneficial than the signal intelligence. The top terrorist individual understood the drawbacks of using cellular telephone phones and internet to transmit some information to their hubs. So they decided to send the information through some trusted individuals who had been in the organisat ion for many years. Only by continuous monitoring by the intelligence agencies, the couriers can be caught and be beneficial. This was the case when the U.S Navy seals found out the whereabouts of the Al-Qaida chief Osama Bin Laden. The U.S intelligence agency spied on some couriers to find out and kill the chief. In this case open action by the U.S Navy was unavoidable because of the doubt he (Osama) tried to defend him by hiding behind his wife.Capture of Key LeadersAnother important way of counterterrorism is to capture their key leaders and punish them severely harmonise to the law. The terrorist should be punished severely because they were involved in some deadly acts to kill the non-combatants in the particular country. The law should punish them in a way which should be as an example for the other criminal and terrorists in the country. This task also involves collection of evidence for some terrorists before producing the sting before the court of law. Producing an indivi dual before the court of law for terrorism might not be easier as that of drug trafficking, it should have sharpen connection with the deadly acts. The capturing of terrorist in any position of their group hierarchy will reveal much important information about their emerging attacks. The communicating devices used by terrorist such as diaries, laptops and cell phones will provide some very sensitive information on the prospective attacks and the names of other group members. For example, capture of Khan Muhammad with his laptop in 2004, revealed the plans of Al-Qaida to attack the gold mines in Pakistan and also some attacks on IMF and Citigroup buildings in United States. Another good example to prove this fact is that of capturing of Osama Bin Laden on May 2. In the recent news, it revealed that his diaries contained some very sensitive information about the Al-Qaidas links with other terrorist groups and their future plans to attack many places in the world. early(a) measure s to combat terrorismOther ways to stop terrorism is by the help of legal approvals. This wreak may involve accusing the acts of terrorist organisations such as recruiting members, buying of weapons from other countries. These legal procedures will help the intelligence agencies and the local police to stop the acts of terrorism by some means like freezing the swear accounts of the suspected terrorists, conduct searches by modern means and to interrogate suspects who pose a terrorist threat to the community as whole. Freezing the accounts of the terrorist organisations also help the intelligence agencies to get leads about their whereabouts. But nowadays, terrorist exchange the bullion to fund their operation through some third person in the place where the money should reach and this illegal activity is called hawala in Islamic terms. The money transferred by the hawala means is not recorded or taxed by the governments. monitor of the money movement from the terrorist organisati on is a tedious task for the intelligence agencies.

Ethical Issues In Psychological Testing Psychology Essay

Ethical Issues In Psychological try oning Psychology EssayA major(ip) issue confronting a psychological researcher is ethical motive. enquiry morals comprise many polar topics, including screen out construction and psychometrics. Areas of concern inside these beas include, but are not limited to, bill bias validity and reliability errors and the recitation of negligence or deception areas of limitations in the research, and recommendations. The scientist essential brook enough study about the research to gibe the applicability of the results. However, the experimenter should also include information about the misuse of research and the take in to consult multiple sources of information. The researcher must ensure that they are unchanging by ethical process as results may put oneness across consequences that the experimenter cannot foresee, and flunk to comply with these processes may lead to the scorn of the scientific society. Because of the daunting temperamen t of this process, it is necessary for the researcher to work with workfellow scientists to confirm their research is reputable.Keywords ethics, errors, cadence bias, reliability, research, validityEthical Issues in Psychological shieldingActivity 9Psychologists regularly conduct research where they have to ensure they are get together ethical guidelines and schoolmaster standards. This may range from informed consent and confidentiality, to remove test use and proper testing protocol. Ethics plays a major role in how the scientific community perceives the work of a researcher. For example, a discoery where the researcher plagiarized the work of some other, or was intentionally slack in their research, would lead to their research beingnessness unaccepted by fellow scientists. Lesser examples of this include issues of a test not meeting the purposes of a research study. Therefore, ethics is an important element to legitimate research practices.Test construction is an impor tant part of research ethics. The American Psychological crosstie (APA) (2010) published the manual Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This provides a statement on test construction in Standard 9.05, which says, Psychologists who develop tests and other sound judgment techniques use portion psychometric procedures and current scientific or professional knowledge for test design, standardization, validation, reduction or elimination of bias, and recommendations for use (p. 13). Test construction in ethics refers to psychometrics and professional knowledge of research methods. Klein (2005) adds to the sizeableness of research methods because the psychometric characteristics of the instrument itself are of primary importance in test use (p. 289). As noted in the standard, this liberal area of study incorpo rank issues of validity and reliability, bill bias, and recommendations for applying the research in different stage vistas, as well as knowledge of the research study and misuses of the research.In measurement bias, the test shows unintentional preference towards people of a genuine range. Klein (2005) notes, if the overall test scores or the differential selection rates of individuals from identifiable subgroups by themselvesbehave differently across groups, then measurement bias is said to occur (p. 296). When this happens, the research results are not absolute because the test results show distortion to favor one group over another. One cannot make accurate policies from tests that have measurement bias. In addition, the adjunction Committee on interrogatory Practices (JCTP) (2004), in Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education, mentions that differences relating to test scores from various groups must relate to the skills being assessed, not the difference in linguistic or cultural background (p. 4). Therefore, there can be differences in research results as foresighted as they reflect the abilities of a group. One grou p may have a greater ability to perform a confinement than another group. This is not measurement bias on the contrary, it is a reflection of the real capabilities of the group. Researchers have to ensure their test is fair and unbiased against a minority.The JCTP (2004) provides further information related to test construction. Researchers must ensure they adjudge information regarding what the test measures, what its recommended use is, and the measures strengths and limitations. There must be a ample amount of information for a policy maker to make decisions from the research, including being aware of how the research might be unhelpful. The validity and reliability of the test must meet its intended purposes (p. 4). Patten (2004) refers to validity as the finale that it measures what it is designed to measure and accurately performs the function(s) it is purported to perform (p. 59). Reliability refers to the test surrender undifferentiated results (p. 71). There should be an indication regarding whether the test measures what the researcher intended, and how consistent it is in those measurements. Researchers must also provide recommendations for the interpretation of test results, including the mathematical misuse of research. Readers should be aware that they should not rely on one research study when making decisions. There should also be procedures for setting performance standards or passing scores if another researcher was passing play to give the same test (JCTP, p. 8). In the research article, there should be an indication of what score a participant requires to pass a test, or what constitutes sufficient performance.Test construction also involves errors in research. The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public insurance (1995) notes, when an unintentional error promptly corrected, the scientific community accepts the mistake. However, when a scientist is negligent due to inattention, haste, or carelessness, the researcher can be a dmonished because this can lead to work that does not meet the standards demanded in skill (p. 15). Deception in research also has huge consequences. Deception involves reservation up data or results (fabrication), changing or misreporting data or results (falsification), and using the ideas or words of another person without giving appropriate credit (plagiarism) (p. 16). Therefore, to ensure ethics in research, scientists should ensure they are not using negligence or deception.I agree with the readings in this appointment because, in academic dramaturgys, researchers have to ensure they abide by ethical procedures. Science has its basis on the scientific method, which strives for honesty during the scientific process. In addition, many previous research studies have had far-reaching consequences that the researcher did not anticipate. Therefore, it is deprecative that scientists abide by research ethics. This appears to be a daunting task because of the many issues regarding ethical psychological testing. However, just as college students cannot plagiarize their naming for a class because they are breaking the rules of ethics for academic integrity, researchers cannot use deception in research. This is violating research integrity. Researchers have to be open in their study because the scientific community will scrutinize their work to ensure it acts in accordance with ethical guidelines. The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (1995) mentions that research results must be accepted by other scientists (p. 3). In addition, because recognition is a social process where scientists review the work of others to guarantee it meets socially accepted standards in science, researchers strive for responsible scientific practice (p. 4). Research must meet the guidelines devised by other professionals in their academic field because of the nature of science.In this assignment, I learned about the importance of ethics in research and the consequen ces of failing to abide by them. There are many grey areas in research ethics, as indicated in the nurse On Being a Scientist Responsible Conduct in Research. turn doing research, the experimenter should make every effort to ensure that studies are valid, reliable, and lack measurement bias. The researcher must give recommendations for further use of the research and setting passing scores or performance standards. Because this appears to be a grown task, beginning researchers should work closely with an advisor or faculty part to ensure they abide by ethical practices. This mentor can give practical advice on research ethics, as well as provide additional sources to consult regarding correct research disciplines.

Northern Californias Coastal Redwoods :: Essays Papers

Northern Californias Coastal Redwoods A Brief Overview cooking stove saw rising, whining out of a cut, falling thump of a log, flipper-like & bucked & loaded and where it spills over rocks as if another truck pulling cover up the ridge, empty however there-- there was no hearing it only water and the rock where it turns the water singing the forest cut piling and there only rock to hear it fall. graph The average Redwoods lifetime spans from around 800 to 1500 years. These anciet Redwoods were here when the dinosaurs roamed the earth, and 65 million years later we fuck now stroll through these living artifacts in coastal California. typically people think that redwood forests are made up solely of redwoods. except that isnt so--a healthy old-growth redwood forest is a mix of redwoods, deciduous trees, ferns, vines, flowers and wildlife. Giant redwoods are so tall, dense, and so crowded in the canopy, that many ground areas rarely see the sunlight, and little grows beneath these large giants. But whenever a tree does fall by Mother Nature or man, it leaves a gaping hole, that goes noticed. GRAPH Redwoods were named for the color of their bark and heartwood. These trees halt a high resistance to fungus and diseases due to the high tanin content in the wood. The dense, hempen bark has an even higher content, and acts as an insulator from periodic fires which have plagued the countryside for centuries. Though these trees are immense, they have delicate foliage. The needles are narrow and sharp-pointed, and melt to form feathery sprays. The cones are an inch long and typically look into fourteen to twenty-four seeds. The older trees offspring sprout form their parents grow in order to take advantage of the established root system. GRAPH

The Womens Room Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

I slid down off of my barstool and picked my way across the room. Luckily, the womens restroom wasnt too far because it was a crowded nighttime at the bar. I opened the with child(p) wooden doorway and was surprise to see that even though there appeared to be a nonher miss waiting, one of the two stalls empty. Before I even had a chance to let my eyes adjust to the lighting change, the other girlfriend said, in that just-a-little-too-loud drunken voice, Theres no tail writing in that one I hadnt yet made both attempt to enter the stall and she was making sure I didnt. She indeed took it upon her self to make sure that we acquired some of the precious paper as soon as humanly possible. She did this by leaning in towards the door of the other stall (which was occupied) and demanding, in the same slightly-too-loud voice, Help us bring out and give us some toilet paper, will ya? There was no answer from the other side of the stall door so she move to make her demands. The girl on the outside of the stall gave more warnings to others that stumbled into this semi-chaotic restroom. unsounded no response from inside the stall. I was half tempted to launch into the Seinfeld evident a Square tirade (in which Elaine gets into a fight with a cleaning woman in a neighboring stall who refuses to pass her some toilet paper), since it seemed fitting in such a situation. But I held off, doubting that either girl would understand the joke. Fortunately, I didnt have to ruminate what to do for too much longer because, just then, the door to the occupied stall swung open and a strikingly tall, slim girl stepped out, tranquillize zipping her pants. There, have as much as you like she said, as a form of greeting, in the same intoxicated voice. She was... ...ng co-eds in the bathrooms of fraternity houses (technically not ladies rooms, they are usually populated with a female majority during large parties) and discussed everything from hairstyles to events on the nightly smarts with women while waiting in declension use a bar bathroom. One would think that somewhere where such a private act takes place would not be considered so freeing. However, Good Housekeeping was right on the mark in its chitchat on the importance of the ladies room. The ladies room is a place where traditional fond norms loose their importance and, as strange as it may seem, new honesty emerges. Now, I dont have first submit knowledge of the typical mens room experience, but I have been told it is far from similar to its female counterpart. Its too magnanimous really, imagine what sort of peace agreements could be made if they were held in the loo.

Antimatter :: physics antimatter matter

What is Anti point? Albert Einstein came up with the famous equation,E=mc2And gum olibanum defined bargain as noblely heavy energy. With sufficiently high concentrations of energy, that energy can form case. However when this matter is created it is balanced reveal by the unveiling of antimatter. When matter and antimatter come into clash they annihilate from each one other and release large amounts of energy. A teaspoon of antimatter, reacting with matter, would run a car continuously for 100,000 years.Not all particles turn out equivalent or rather, separate antiparticles. The electron and proton, as well as quarks, have antiparticles, much(prenominal) as the positron and antiproton because they have a accommodate to reverse. The neutron has an antiparticle because, although it has no charge, it has a magnetic moment to which the antineutron is opposite. The photon, however has scarcely mass and directional velocity, on that pointfrom there is no antiphoton.Protons a nd neutrons also have a baryon physique and their antiparticles have an equal precisely opposite baryon number.The History of AntimatterThe man of Antimatter was for the first time predicted when Paul Dirac combined quantum theory and picky relativity in one equation. This equation, however presented two solutions to the electron. Dirac interpreted this to fee-tail that not only was there an negatively charged electron, but there was a positively charged antielectron which had all the characteristics of an electron but an opposite charge. In 1932 Carl Anderson detected the first antielectron. While studying the tracks of cosmic particles Anderson noted a track left be something with the exact aforesaid(prenominal) mass as an electron, but with a positive charge.It wasnt until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This husking be on the Ernest Lawrences creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detecting of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960.It wasnt until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrences creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960.The next pure tone in testing the symmetry between matter and antimatter was resolved at the same time by CERN and the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1965 with the creation of the antidueteron. A deuteron is a nucleus from by a proton and a neutron, the antidueteron was create by feature an antiproton and an antineutron.Antimatter physics antimatter matterWhat is Antimatter? Albert Einstein came up with the famous equation,E=mc2And thus defined mass as highly concentrated energy. With sufficiently high concentrations of energy, that energy can form matter. However when this matter is created it is balanced out by the cre ation of antimatter. When matter and antimatter come into contact they annihilate each other and release large amounts of energy. A teaspoon of antimatter, reacting with matter, would run a car continuously for 100,000 years.Not all particles have equivalent or rather, separate antiparticles. The electron and proton, as well as quarks, have antiparticles, such as the positron and antiproton because they have a charge to reverse. The neutron has an antiparticle because, although it has no charge, it has a magnetic moment to which the antineutron is opposite. The photon, however has only mass and directional velocity, thus there is no antiphoton.Protons and neutrons also have a baryon number and their antiparticles have an equal but opposite baryon number.The History of AntimatterThe existence of Antimatter was first predicted when Paul Dirac combined quantum theory and special relativity in one equation. This equation, however presented two solutions to the electron. Dirac interprete d this to mean that not only was there an negatively charged electron, but there was a positively charged antielectron which had all the characteristics of an electron but an opposite charge. In 1932 Carl Anderson detected the first antielectron. While studying the tracks of cosmic particles Anderson noted a track left be something with the exact same mass as an electron, but with a positive charge.It wasnt until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrences creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960.It wasnt until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrences creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960.The next step in testing the symmetry between matter and antimatter was resolved concurrently by CERN and the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1965 with the creation of the antidueteron. A deuteron is a nucleus from by a proton and a neutron, the antidueteron was formed by combining an antiproton and an antineutron.

Robinson Crusoe: A Mans Discovery of Himself, Civilization, and God. E

Robinson Crusoe A Mans Discovery of Himself, Civilization, and God. Just about everyone spate recite the highlights of Robinsons adventures A man is shipwrecked without resources on a desert island, survives for long time by his own wits, undergoes immeasurable anguish as a number of his isolation, discovers a footprint in the sand that belongs to Friday, and is fin eachy rescued from his exile. Unfortunately, all of this is wrong. But much significant than any of these details is that our overall knowledge of Robinson Crusoe is wrong. The single most important fact about this boys adventure tolerate got is that it is not a boys adventure book at all. It is, rather, a grown-up statement of a mans discovery of himself, civilization, and God. As Defoes book begins, Robinson Crusoe of York commits what he calls his Original misdeedhe spurns his fathers advice to join the family business and instead heads out to sea. Robinson is self-willed, arrogant, and hungry for exploits. C atastrophes obeystorms, shipwrecks, and slaverybut the lad continues in his follies. I was, he confesses, to be the willful Agent of all my own Miseries. Then providence gives him a second chance, shipwrecking him on an Atlantic island, whose features roughly match those of the Juan Fernandez group in the Pacific Ocean where Robinsons real-life prototype, Alexander Selkirk, passed seven years in solitude. Robinsons island is a pristine land of surpassing beauty. To its forlorn first inhabitant, it seems no matter piddling of Eden the Country appeard so fresh, so green, so flourishing, every thing being in a constant Verdure, or Flourish of Spring, that it looked wish a planted Garden. In this paradise Robinson builds a new plazawithout Eve... ...ledge the enormity of our task for when before has a secular culture rebuilt itself on sacred foundations? We need solutions as ingenious as any devised by our industrious hero. Like Robinson, we must never despair like Robinson, we must find strength in prayer. It helps to bear in mind that it is we who have uprooted God from our homes, schools, books, arts we have cast ourselves adrift. God, the master mariner, never abandons his children. We do well to remember, too, that Robinson found salvation in a plight more desperate than ours. Then, perhaps, we can relish the truth in Walter de la Mares businesslike remark about Defoes finest creation Even to think of his admirable caveman is to be cheerful and to take heart of grace. Bibliography Zaleski, Philip. The Strange Shipwreck of Robinson Crusoe. archetypical Things 53 (May 1995) 38-44.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay example -- Book Report Be

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin was not an blowzy book to read. Writing styles have changed tremendously since the 1700s. Despite the cultural differences I learned a lot about the man and the time. Benjamin Franklin was a remarkable man. He was a printer, author, politician and an inventor. He was one of cardinal children in his family. Because he was from such a large family he was displace out to work at a genuinely early age. He only had a few years of grammar school education when he started working in his fathers business. During his days off he educated himself by dint of books. He was not happy working in his fathers business for very long. Unsure of what he wanted to do, his father took him around town to let out him to other trades available to him. Not entirely pleased by the choices available, he settled on the printing trade. He worked as an apprentice in his brothers print shop for several years until tense ness ended their relationship. By this time he was in his late teens. He moved to Philadelphia to continue in the printing business. He did well in Philadelphia but was always unhappy working in someone elses print shop. The governor of Philadelphia offered him a letter of credit and introduction in England to help secure materials needed to start his own printing business. He accepted the offer only to find the offer less than reliable. This slipperiness did not turn out as planned and he remained in England for ...

What Really Counts as Learning :: Russell Thomas Essays

What Really Counts as LearningLearning happens in so many places and in so many ways. Maybe it is at the mall, or at home, or purge in a classroom. For Russell Thomas it was in the poor town of dassie Island. In C atomic number 53y Island, Russell has to learn many hard lessons in brio. He learns that you cant change everything and that life isnt fair. Russell is forced to draw that failure is part of life and that it happens to all of us. These argon all teachings that are irreplaceable and valuable. The lessons that Russell learns are ones that he will use for the rest of his life in his experiences. It is something that you can use on more than just a test for school. That is what real life learning is ab show up and in one way or another we have all experienced it.Russell is the of import focus in Darcy Freys article about three basketball game prodigies from Coney Island. Russell is a tremendous basketball player and hopes to bring in out of Coney Island on a ba sketball scholarship. He has the skill to get that scholarship, but even with all that talent he has a major obstacle stopping him. In order to attend college on a scholarship, a score of 700 is required on the SAT. Russell, on his first attempt, but gets a 500 when a 400 is earned just for sign language your name. So in order to get that scholarship and 700, Russell dedicates large amounts of prison term to studying. If he wasnt working on basketball then he was working on his academics. After all that work Russell neer gets his 700, or the scholarship. So therein lies the first lesson that Russell learns life isnt fair. Russell tries his hardest to bring up his grades and earn that 700, but when it comes down to it he has grown up in a low class area, without many opportunities. Frey described Coney Island as a place where there are no stores, no trees, no police just block after block of gray cement projects (Frey 38). Russell had what can hardly be called an educa tion. It is a place where most of the ripe basketball players with any chance at a scholarship never make it, they either end up dead or backside in Coney Island dealing drugs.

Essay --

Witch-hunts occurred through extinct England for centuries, so it was no surprise that the witchcraft hysteria eventually reach colonial New England in the fresh seventeenth century, but this wave of fear was different from any otherwise. ancestry with two young girls, witchcraft affected every person keep in the New World and by the end, over twenty work force and women were convicted of witchcraft, as well as inherent communities living in ageless fear of being touched by the Devil. puritans, a group of English settlers, held strong beliefs about the Devil which sparked ideas of witchcraft among the Salem community. The austere Puritan lifestyle left little room for creativity, resulting in accusations against innocent people. Women, in addition to youngsterren, were inferior and considered weak it was believed that Satan used them to carry out his wishes, and as a result, these people became witches. The severity of Puritan sacred beliefs indirectly caused the witchcraf t hysteria to reach its peak during the Salem Witch Trials. great(p) and influential among the colonies, mainly Massachusetts, Puritanism was not only a religion, but a lifestyle. Puritans left England in 1630, with the intent to reform the Church of England. These English Protestants were dissatisfy on how the Church of England was run and they made it their mission to purify and conk the church of Catholic influences, as well as invigorate day by day practices of religion. Overall, Puritans desired England to be reformed as John Calvin (1509-1564) had reformed geneva (Hall, 21). By moving to New England, Puritans had the freedom to establish their own religious authority. Puritanism controlled every activity in order to maintain a incessant unity between people and Go... ...ities. Young women at that time had nought at all to feed their imaginations. There were no fairy tales or stories, no art, theater, or classical music (Kallen 23). In addition to restrictions of childho od, organic pressure was placed on children to remain pure or turn a loss the potential punishments from the Devil. At young ages, fear was planted in childrens minds causing hyperawareness of Satans wrath to frighten a childs consciousness (Hall 23). The combination of fear, lack of imaginative outlets, and pressures on children were catalysts to the hubbub of witches and witchcraft. With little ability and opportunity to express any behavior other than obedience, it was understandable that young Abigail Williams and Betty Paris claimed that they were possessed by witches, and in turn, these accusations engulfed the entire settlement of Salem into the hysteria.

Atlantis :: essays research papers

Atlantis We will never know partiality is a tough sellin the twentieth century. The land has been to the full discoveredand fully mapped. Popular media has effectively minimizedthe fabrication and the terrific rumor, though to make up forthis it has generated falsities not as lavish only if just asinteresting. Satellites fool mapped and studied the earth,leaving only a space frontier that is as yet unreachable. Butstanding aside is a charming fantasy the modern world has yetto keep in line or condemn the lost continent of Atlantis. Thefather of the modern worlds perception of Atlantis is Plato(circa 428- circa 347 b.c.). (1) The Greek philosopherspoke in his plant Timaeus and Critias of a continent in theAtlantic ocean larger than Africa and Asia Minor unitewhich rivaled Athens as the most advanced in the world. (2)According to the legend surrounding Platos dialogues, theisland of Atlantis was violently thrown into the sea by theforces of nature, and its fewer survivors m anaged to swimashore and relate their story. (3) There the legend waspassed by interchange of mouth until an Egyptian priest related thestory to Solon, a fictitious character in Timaeus. The priest admiredthe achievements of prehistoric Athenians, because when therulers of Atlantis threatened to invade any of Europe and Asiathe Athenians, on behalf of all Greeks, defeated theAtlanteans to avoid enslavement. (4) The works of Plato undetermined the floodgates to endless speculation on whether thecontinent described was fact or fiction. Atlantis has sincebeen placed in Spain, Mongolia, Palestine, Nigeria, theNetherlands, Brazil, Sweden, Greenland and Yucatan. Everynook and cranny of the globe has been hypothesized plenitude peaks, desert lands, the ocean floor and even thebarren wasteland of Antarctica have been mentioned intheories. (5) While some of these theories are compatiblewith Platos works and are within relative reason, numerouscrackpot theories have been genuine using the lostcontinent as a basis. One of these theories, post on thecomputer internet where it has access to over fifteen gazillionpeople, talks in twenty-one pages of pre-historical lands withnames like Oz and Luxor. These world good web pages listover two hundred separate articles of inference for the existenceof Atlantis, as in the following (6) Most all antiquatedcivilizations believed in the TITANS, the race of gianthumans that inhabited Earth large ago. Different races knewthem by different names. These 7 to 12 foot humanoids were legal opinion to be legendary until the excavation of over a dozenskeletons 8 to 12 feet tall, around the world, shockedarcheologists. These skeletons were positively human.

Free Hamlet Essays: Essay on Hamlet the Hero :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

juncture the Hero   There argon various ways to define a hero. There is an endless amount of people who are heroes. A hero put up be, one who exhibits courage and/or daring, a hero can be, one who is supremely noble or self-sacrificing, a hero can be a champion or a winner. A hero can economise the day, or even save your life. A hero can be that normal person you look on just walking down the street. According to either of these definitions, Prince Hamlet can definitely be identified as a hero. For his words and actions, neat exhibit such label, and give one the right and reason to swear so. except two months dead-- my poor fathers bodywhy she married with my uncle, My fathers brother, but no more standardized my fatherEre yet the salt of just about unrighteous tearsBut break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue Hamlet painfully moans to himself. It is clear at the beginning of the play that Hamlet was sufferingemotionally. It hurt him to regulate his mother ma rry so soon after his fathers death and Hamlet felt alone since no one else seemed to flavour his pain and be mourning with him. Its safe to conclude that Hamlet had a commendable and upright relationship with his father whom he admired. Unless one was not as courageous or as confident as Hamlet, we wouldve complained and tried to ruin the marriage. Prince Hamlet on the other hand, showed heroic skills by putting others first. He kept his pain to himself and didnt want to stick any difficulties with the townspeople or family.   He shows this self-sacrifice ability formerly again when King Claudius tried to convince him to stay at home, preferably than going away to school. He says You are most immediate to our chamberpotFor your intent In going back to school in Wittenberg, It is most retrograde to our desire, And we beseech you, bend you to remain Here in the nurse and comfort of our eye. Queen Gertrude reinforces that request when she said, Let not thy mother fall asle ep her prayers, Hamlet. I pray thee, stay with us. Go not to Wittenberg. Even though the young Prince Hamlet felt more at home and at rest with his friends at school in Wittenberg, he respectfully replied, I shall in all my best obey you, madam.   Lady, shall I lie in your swishI mean, my head upon your lapThats a fair cerebration to lie between a maids legs Hamlet outrageously says to Ophelia, as he was anxiously awaiting for the play to finally begin.

Dance Team :: Argumentative Persuasive Dance School Essays

Dance Team The pair off Cedars Community educate District Board of Directors should decide in favor of funding a condition bound team up up. Twin Cedars, a sm every country base school of approximately 500 students K-12, has never had the benefit of having a leap team. Two years ago, three Twin Cedars students got together with their leaping instructor, Shannon Smith, an alumnist of Twin Cedars, and suggested that the school should have a dance team. Smith volunteered her time to pushchair and choreograph for a new dance team. Smith took this idea to the wizard of Twin Cedars, Mike Helle. Helle agreed to have Smith to start a dance team that could practice at school, but refused to fund the political platform as an extracurricular activity. This meant that if there was to be a dance team, all funds would have to be raised by the dance team members alone and Smith would have to volunteer all of her time and attempt without being paid. Despite these two points Smith agreed to start the dance team. Auditions were held, a team was formed, and the team members began choreography for their first routine. The new TC dance team had their own fundraisers and went asking for donations from local businesses, to help hurt the new team and help pay for dance team costumes. The team managed to raise enough to buy cheap costumes for all of the members. The new dance team had practice two days a week at 700 a.m. all year. They runed at a few football and basketball game games throughout the year.The next school year came around and the whole treat was repeated. During this year the dance team notwithstanding managed to put together a Saturday night show at the school, that included other surrounding schools drill and dance teams. In the two years of the teams existence the school administrators allowed for the use of the building for practice, they allowed the team to perform at sporting events, and they allowed the the team to have shows. On top of that, the y denote the dance team as the Twin Cedars dance team and even added a new spot in the Twin Cedars Yearbook to allow for pictures of the dance team. The school took all the privileges of having a school dance team, insofar took none of the responsibilities a school has for an extracurricular activity.