The Major Components Of Crime Prevention - 963 Words

In this essay I have been tasked to describe the major components of crime prevention. You might think that this is an easy thing to do however, there are many aspects to crime prevention and in order to define it we need to have an understanding of what crime prevention is. In this essay I will give you my definition of what crime prevention is as well as describe the major components of crime prevention. I will explain the relationship of crime prevention to the Criminal Justice System. I will then give you two or more institutions through which crime prevention programs and practices are delivered and then lastly I will utilize examples to support my discussion. My definition of crime prevention is the attempt or effort of a government to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It also encompasses the effort to enforce the law and uphold criminal justice. Crime prevention is an integral part of most of the components that make up the Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Justi ce System has five components and they are; law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, courts, and corrections. The one component that I do not believe crime prevention is a part of is defense attorneys. For each other component however, crime prevention I believe is close to the end state for each component. The relationship of crime prevention to each component in the Criminal Justice System starts with law enforcement. The Police Officer is the first line of defense against crime.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Juvenile Justice Programs893 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crimes in North Carolina are at an eight year high. Instead of funding more detention facilities across North Carolina, the  state should provide the funding for implementing effective treatments and programs to offer a chance of rehabilitation. Juveniles are  faced with lockdown facilities that suppresses cognitive growth and development. 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Equally important, public policing and private security offers the sameRead MoreCommunity Policing and Community Justice Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagestogether to help identify and solve criminal activities. Additionally, the whole concept behind it is to promote public safety and to enhance the quality of life within the neighborhoods in which we reside in. Community policing is composed of two major components which are community partnership and problem solving. Community policing is a program that was initially started in the 1940’s. All of the support that was released for this program was materialized actually in the 1980’s. One of the main goalsRead MorePublic vs. Private Policing1695 Words   |  7 Pageswhite-collar crimes, such as computer crimes, employee theft, and fraud, are increasing. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend in private policing in the United States. Public and private policing have many similarities as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Public Policing Public policing has always been known as the frontline in protecting the society and one of their major assets is the

Review of the Objective of Norm in American by Michael...

The objective of norm in American, by Michael Schudson, explores how and why the objective norms developed in American journalism. Objective is one of the most important occupational values of American journalism, it can be identified by following measures: express allegiance, ethnographers’ observations and occupational routines, resist with the challenging behaviour, impersonality and non-partisanship in news content. Differencing from some scholars’ opinions that economic and technological change enhances the ethic of objective, Schudson thinks four conditions encourage the articulation of norms. Two of them are Durkheimian, the other two are Weberian. One of the Durkheimian conditions thinks the emergence of norm is to achieve†¦show more content†¦The Durkheimian and Weberian conditions are presented. Both of them can cause articulate moral norms. The second part to the forth part (p.153-158) separately discusses three periods of American journalism: colonial period, the early 19 century, the late 19century and the early 20 century. In these three periods, objective was emerged in different form. Such as the business neutrality in colonial American journalism, the stenographic fairness phenomena in 19th century American journalism and occupational journalism culture in the late 19th century and early 20th century. These phenomenons are more or less belonging to objective practice. They can be regard as the objective soil of American journalism. However, these objective practices still did not develop into the objective norm. After such long period development, the American journalism stepping into fact-centered and news-centered era, but it does not develop the objective norm. American journalists gradually identify themselves as an occupational group. The fifth part (p.158-161) refutes Shaw’s and Carey’s argument that the objective norm emerge in the late of 19th century. The author thought the economically motivated theory is entirely unjustified. He point out a hypothesis and separate the objective norm emergence into two parts: the fact emerges between 1870s and the First World War and the professional discussion about the objective norm after the First World War. The sixth part (p.161-165)

An economic case for batteries for energy storage

Question: we are studying management for sustainability (Life Cycle Management) and design for sustainability. Answer: Life cycle management Introduction The plan for sustainable development is quite crucial, especially when the business house is involved in the business of renewal energy like power. With the help of the sustainable developmental plan, the company aims to achieve the set target or objectives without compromising with the quality of the services. In this process, it is essential to adopt a rational method through which the resources can be handled in the best possible manner. The plan has been developed and implemented with an intention of achieving long term plan of sustainable growth. In this process, the management of the company has to take care of the environmental factors that can directly impact the planned performance of the company. It is quite necessary to develop a strategy through which the natural resources can be effectively handled by the management of the company (Bayart et al., 2009). Reason for developing sustainable plan The success of the company depends upon the type of strategy plan that has been prepared by the management. In this process, it is quite essential to analyse the challenges and other factors that can impact the suitable plan that has been developed by the management. Through this process, it is possible to develop an effective step that will reduce the production waste. This is one of the most important factors and needs to be worked upon in an effective manner. The demand for renewable energy like power has been tremendously increasing. This has been due to increase in the population and different industrial units. Apart from this, there has been an improvement in the technology that has been followed for the purpose of implementing the right type of strategies through which the required changes can be implemented. The plan that has been drafted by the companies has to be analysed, as this will help in the selection of the best option. Through an effective planning method, it is pos sible for the company to reduce on the social or the ecological damages that has been caused to the nature/environment. In case of the sustainable developmental plan it is necessary to combine three different factors that include fairness, environment protection, economic efficiency, and others. The process that is adopted by the company needs to concentrate towards the sustainable growth and implementation of better methods for increasing the efficiency. This is one of the reasons the benefits that are associated with the community and other factors have to be taken into consideration. Through an effective sustainable plan it is possible for the company to adopt and implement an effective strategy that will encourage the members to share fair information with the clients. In this process, the nature of information that needs to be shared with the members has to be decided and the corrective steps for correcting the same has to be implemented (Dahlsrud, 2007). Technology for batteries for energy storage The market for storage commodities depends upon the demand for the products. In this case, the energy market has to be analysed so as to make the changes in the batteries market. Batteries are required for storing the energy. It is considered to be one of the cost effective methods to store the energy. This is considered to one of the best and most effective methods, through which the energy can be stored and consumed for the purpose of commercial and residenal purposes. Such a process is considered to be quite effective as it helps in storing the energy in the best possible manner, without increasing the cost associated with the same. With the help of such a method, it is possible to save energy and protect the consumption of the electcticity power in the best possible manner. It is necessary to analyse the necessity of the energy as this will help in protecting the economic factor and the costs involved with the process of consuming energy. Power generation method The technology that has been adopted for increasing the power generation process has certain disadvantages. This process has a direct impact on the environmental factors, which is considered to be quite risky. Thus, an effective step needs to be taken for implementing the required changes that will be helpful in controlling the challenges that are faced by the companies. In this method, the issues that are associated with the sustainable plan needs to be analysed, and the concern that can impact the environment, stakeholders, and others needs to be highlighted. The problem might exist at every level and this is one of the reasons, the challenges have to be tackled in the best possible manner. National policy also possesses one of the challenging factors, and the same needs to be handled in an effective manner. In order to handle the challenges it is necessary to adopt an effective method, through which the issues can be sorted by the management. An impact on the power generation proc ess can directly affect the economic condition of the country. This is one of the reasons; the issue needs to be handled in the right manner. Apart from this, it is necessary to develop a positive and long term relationship between the plan and the strategies that has been developed by the company. Besides this, the problem related to environmental factors has to be dealt on a universal basis. This will help in handling the challenges and drafting the best policy through which the issue can be effectively handled. In other words, the task of the management doesnt merely end by drafting effective policies, but the challenge is with the process that has been adopted for finding the differences that exists at the time of the implementation process (EC JRC 2007). Analysis on the Australian situation with reference to other countries and the global context Australia is one of the developed countries that have many industries. Apart from this, the federal authorities are working towards catering the power consumption and other needs of the people. Coal is one of the prime requirements of producing renewal energy. This is one of the reasons; the demand for the forces has been tremendously increasing. Due to the improvement in the technology there has been an increase in the production activities. However the challenge is with the risk that is caused to the environment. However, in this process the challenges that are associated with the process of extraction and using of coal have to be analysed. This can directly affect the environmental factors. Extraction of coal in an unplanned manner, can impact the environmental factors. This also includes the public health and the safety measures that need to be followed for securing the lives of the people. There has been an increase in the air pollution that has been caused to an increase in the extraction of coal. Apart from this, the impact on the environment due to coal combustion has to be also analysed. Besides this, it is also necessary to analyse the economic expenses that are related to the process of extraction of the renewal energy. The impact on the health of the community and the environment has been drastically increasing. This has been one of the reasons, it has become essential to adopt and implement an effective strategy through which the pollution and the negative impact to the environment can be controlled. Coal has been declared to be economically viable that would contribute towards the successful development of the nation. Similar strategy has been followed by the authorities from different nations like Asia, the USA, and the UK. However, without effective planning and implementation process, it is not possible for the authorities of the country to implement the right strategy that is associated with the environmental and economic health factors (Europ ean Commission, 2002). In this case, it is necessary to develop and implement an effective strategy for the sustainable development. Excessive usage of the fossil fuels that includes coal usually increases the risk that is associated with the climate change. Such factor will directly impact the poor nation, and their development wouldnt be possible. This is one of the reasons, there has to be effective steps that needs to be taken for implementing the required changes for protecting the environment. In this case, the impact of such activities on the community and the stakeholders has to be analysed. This will help in adopting and following the right type of strategies that will be useful in the developmental task. Continues process, can lead to impact on the de-carbonise of the economy, which is in fact the biggest cause of the energy emitter (Fava, and Hall, 2004). Current situation and the future prospects If the process continues, then the nation can face serious issues in future. In this case, the present situation has to be analysed, as this will help the authorities to develop and implement an effective strategy through which the necessary changes can be implemented. For this, it is necessary to analyse the serious impact the coal extraction process has on the environment and the people. This will help in developing and implementation of the right policy. For this, it is necessary to adopt the right sustainable developmental plan that will help the authorities to control the negative impact of the pollution. AT present it is necessary to analyse the benefits that are associated with the long and short term process. This will help in overpowering the challenges that is associated with unacceptable trading activities that can affect the economic benefit on the run long. For this, the federal authorities have to implement an effective strategy through which the required changes can be implemented by the management or the authorities. The coal extracted in Australia has a great demand in the economically developing countries like India and China (Grieahamme et at., 2006). Application of the life cycle management system The process that is followed for applying the life cycle management system in the energy industry plays a key role. This process is quite often related to the system that has been adopted for handling the lifecycle of the system that has been followed for the purpose of manufacturing particular product. In order to apply the system, it is quite important to adopt and analyse the strategies that has been intended to be followed by the authorities. In case of coal extraction, it is necessary to develop the best policy that will improve the quality of extraction. Apart from this, it should have little risk that would affect the environment. In this process, the strategies that needs to be followed for implementing secured method for extraction of the energy source, and handling the requirements of the environment has to be planned in an accurate manner. For this, it is necessary to gather the required information through which the required changes can be implemented by the authorities. The authorities need to gather the accurate information and process the same in the right manner (Hubbard, 2007). Challenges involved At the time of implementing the policies it is quite important for drafting the right type of policies and strategies through which the sources can be used in the best possible manner. For this the required information needs to be analysed. The challenge is with the process that needs to be adopted for the purpose of implementing the changes that are required for extracting power without damaging or impacting the environment. In this process it is necessary to analyse the options through which the quality of the production can be improved without causing the harm to the environment. For this, it is necessary to develop and implement the right type of developmental plan that is considered to be essential for maximising the earnings without impacting the nature. Issues that are faced by the authorities are with the process that needs to be adopted for developing the sustainable plan. In this process, the change that needs to be adopted has to be analysed from the future point of view. In this case, the stakeholders and others have to be interacted about the proposed changes that are intended to be implemented by the company or the authorities. Such changes have to be closely evaluated and the necessary changes have to be implemented in an effective manner (Hunkeler, and Rebitzer, 2005). Life cycle process The process for the life cycle needs to be developed and implemented in effective steps, and this will include - Setting the goals The prime objective is to extract energy without impacting the nature. Sustainable development plan This will include analysing the challenges that are related to the suitable plan. In this process, the challenges have to be analysed and the corrective steps needs to be taken for implementing the changes. Adoption of the right method It is necessary to adopt and implement the right strategies through which the changes that has been proposed to be implemented can be done. The sustainable plan has to be analysed and the corrective steps has to be done in the right manner. Resources - the available resources has to be analysed and the best possible steps needs to be taken for improving the performance. This will help in approaching the best method, and making the required changes that will be useful for the company. Measuring the changes The changes that has been proposed to be introduced through suitable method has to be planned and effectively evaluated. This will help in analysing the challenges and making the corrective steps that will help in controlling the damages, in case there are any (Jensen, and Remmen, 2004). Cost - The costs that are associated with the process of implementing the steps has to be analysed by the authorities. In this method, the costs associated with the present and the future changes that has been expected to be implemented needs to be communicated with the members. Renewable energy generation In case of the energy generation through the use of coal and other factors are considered to be the best methods. However the challenges exist with the process that is adopted for the process of implementing the changes through which the extraction process can be carried out. Excessive extraction and wrongful method will impact the environment and cause serious issues. This is one of the reasons; the changes are implemented in terms of the production activities. Also, the suitable plan is developed and implemented in the right manner. Through the planning activities the risk that are involved in the process are analysed and the corrective steps are taken to minimise the losses or negative impact that is caused to the nature (Jones et al., 2002). Conclusion Energy is one of the most important factors that are required for planning the developmental program of the nation. However, the process that is followed in the extraction method can directly impact the nature and can cause climatic change. This is one of the reasons; the authorities have to take the right steps through which the changes can be implemented without making any changes. References J.B. Bayart, C. Bulle, L. Deschnes, M. Margni, S. Pfister, F. Vince, and A. Koehler, (2009) : A framework for assessing off-stream freshwater use in LCA. Submitted to the International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Commitee on Monitoring International Labor Standards, National Research Council (2004). Monitoring International Labor Standards: Techniques and Sources of Information. The National Academic Press, Washington, DC A. Dahlsrud, 2007. How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions. Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, online in Wiley InterScience EC JRC (2007) Carbon Footprint: What it is and how to measure it, definition elaborated by the European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability. European Commission, 2002. Communication: Corporate Social Responsibility: A Business Contribution to Sustainable Development. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels J. Fava, and J. Hall, 2004. Why Take A Life Cycle Approach? UNEP DTIE R.E. Freeman, A.C. Wicks, and Parmar B, 2004. Stakeholder Theory and The Corporate Objective Revisited. Organization Science, Volume 15, Number 3 R. Griehammer, C. Benot, L.C. Dreyer, A. Flysj, A. Manhart, B. Mazijn, A.L. Mthot, and B. Weidema, 2006. Feasibility Study: Integration of social aspects into LCA. ko-Institut, Freiburg. D.W. Hubbard, 2007. How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business. John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. D. Hunkeler, K. Saur, G Rebitzer, WP. Schmidt, A.A. Jensen, H. Strandorf, K. Christiansen, K. 2004. Life Cycle Management. Pensacola, FL, USA, SETAC Press. D. Hunkeler, and G. Rebitzer, 2005. The Future of Life Cycle. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Volume 10, Number 5. A. Jensen, and A. Remmen, 2004. Background Report for a UNEP Guide to Life Cycle Management. UNEP DTIE. T. Jones, A. Wicks, and R. E. Freeman, 2002. Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Bowie, N. (ed.). The Blackwell Guide to Business Ethics. Blackwell Publishing, U.K., pp.19-37 J. Kloverpris, H. Wenzel, and P.H. Nielsen, 2008. Life Cycle Inventory Modeling of Land Use Induced by Crop Consumption, Part 1: Conceptual Analysis and Methodological Proposal. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 13, Number 1 G.Rebitzer, D. Hunkeler, 2003. Life cycle costing in LCM: ambitions, opportunities, and limitations - discussing a framework International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8 (5), pp. 253-6. WBCSD/WRI, 2004. The GHG Protocol: A corporate reporting and accounting standard (revised edition)

Never Shall I forget free essay sample

â€Å"From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left.† (Pg. 115) These were the last and final words used by Elie Wiesel in the book Night. The book retells the personal story of the main character and author, Elie Wiesel, and the tales of the suffering he and other Jews went through during the holocaust. Elie and his family were captured towards the end of the Second World War by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps. From then on, death surrounded Elie for the rest of his life. With the use of imagery, metaphors, symbolism, and character development, Wiesel expresses the unforgettable images, his personal experience and truths about the holocaust. Elie Wiesel uses imagery to recreate the cataclysmic and horrific events that occurred during the time of the holocaust. â€Å"Babies! Yes, I did see this, with my own eyes†¦children thrown into the flames† (pg. 32). With the use of these words, even though they’re not very descriptive, the reader can create a very disturbing image or scene in his/her head. To witness or just read about children, babies or anyone being killed so brutally is an image one cannot forget. He also uses metaphors to ensure the reader can grasp the concept of the holocaust’s effect on the ones who lived during this event. I could hear only the violin, and it was as though Julieks soul were the bow. He was playing his life. The whole of his life was gliding on the strings-his lost hopes, his charred past, his extinguished future. He played as if he would never play again.(Pg.94). This metaphor describes the moment when Elie hears Juliek play on his violin whilst surrounded by corpses. He played for the last time that night, and the next morning he was found dead laying next to his violin. The reader can visualize the exact picture of the boy playing his violin, whilst knowing it was his last time to play. One can understand and hear his soul being condemned and feel the hopelessness of his life as it is pulled across the strings of the violin for the last time. These metaphors express the thoughts Juliek had the terror, but acceptance of the night that swept his life away. The author uses many signs of symbolism that reflect on the truth of the holocaust. The main symbolism used in the book, is the word ‘night’. Wiesel uses ‘night’ as the replacement of death, since night is the time of day where everything is dark and inevitable. This was similar to Elies time at the camp. â€Å"The days were like nights, and the nights left the dregs of their darkness in our souls†(Pg.94) and â€Å" never shall I forget that night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed† (pg.34). These are both examples of the symbolism of the word ‘night’. It leaves an unforgettable thought in the reader’s head about how ‘dark’-symbolizing death and hopelessness- the concentration camps were and how there wasn’t a trace of light –symbolizing hope and the will to live- in reach. â€Å"Look at the flames, look at the flames! Flames everywhere†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pg.26). This passage takes place when all of the Jews were on the train heading towards their fate at the concentration camps. The fire was a symbol of the impending doom they were about to face, also foreshadowing the future for those who were not chosen for work. This relates to when Moshie the Beadle told his fellow Jews what had occurred when he was taken to dig his own grave and then shot. He was a survivor, from only being shot in the leg, and went back to tell the Jews what the Nazi and SS officers are exploiting, but the Jews wouldn’t believe what they were being told because it was simply unbelievable. The digging of the grave and the horrific stories of the Nazis symbolize the extremely unbelievable atrocities performed by the Nazis during the Holocaust and expose the truth about what had really occurred. Elie also emphasize his change in character in order for the reader to not forget the torture he and many others went through during this time of despair. â€Å"When they [The Nazis] withdrew, next to me where two corpses, side by side, the father and the son. I was sixteen.† (Pg.102). This is an important example of the destruction of humanity, which shapes Elies personality for the rest of his life. It also is foreshadowing the loss of Elie’s innocence childhood. â€Å"But I had no more tears. And, in the depths of my being, in the recesses of my weakened conscience, could I have searched it, I might perhaps have found something like – free at last!† (pg.106). This is a perfect demonstration of the death of humanity happening in Elie Wiesel. His father just died and he realized that he was similar to the father and son he witnessed when the son left the father behind to die just like he was nothing to him (Pg. 90). â€Å"After my fathers death, nothing could touch me anymore†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pg.107). During this part of the book Elie narrates his feeling of being emotionally numb and not being able to feel anything anymore. He couldn’t even fathom the thought of revenge, or of his family. All he thought about was insuring he had bread, since bread meant the difference between life and death during Elies time at the camp. Elie Wiesel uses the literary terms imagery, metaphors, symbolism and character development to show the shocking, powerful, and most of all, the unforgettable horror he, his family and fellow Jews had to suffer through. It’s a story that one shall not forget. When Elie looks at himself for the first time in several months after the holocaust ended, he is only to view a corpse staring right back at him, showing the loss of innocence in his childhood and humanity (pg.115). He is left staring at a ‘once upon a time’ human being that night simply destroyed.

Sandlot Essays (619 words) - Baseball Films, 20th Century Fox Films

Sandlot The Days of the Sandlot Sandlot a vacant lot especially used for unorganized sports. It was a place during my childhood years where I could go and not have a worry on my mind, except being with my best friends and playing some sandlot ball. A place where the memories of endless fun and games took place, between my friends and I. I still hear the voices of neighbors yelling at us to go home because of the tennis balls we hit against their walls and windows. The sandlot was better than Turner Field to us. Nothing could compare to all the times we had there. It was a small field in between two apartment complexes. The spray painted lines we drew, the worn out rug squares we used as bases, the home plate we made out of wood and painted white were all the things we could do to make this old field our baseball park. But during our endless games we sure felt like we were playing on a real field. The rules aren't exactly like baseball, although things were very similar. Day after day we never chose a winner. We just played to satisfy our love for the game, not for bragging rights. Our games could be played with just four people and sometimes we had games that were nine on nine, just like the pros. Every morning I knew the call to meet at the lot was coming. By the time we all met up, we were all ready to play. Making teams was always a hassle because everyone always wanted to be on Tommy's team. So, we all took turns being on his team and his team usually won. Taking slides into the run-down grass around the bases, even getting cuts from the pebbles we missed picking up were all part of the lot. And every time a foot stomped on home plate, it was a reminder that the sandlot was ours. By the time lunch time came around we would be covered in sweat and ready to jump in the pool to cool off. Then we would always have a pizza delivered to the pool, it was kind of a tradition during the summer. After a nice long rest there we were back on the lot continuing our games as if we had nowhere to go. As dusk starts to roll in we still played until one of us was nailed by a screaming line drive in the head because it was too dark to see. Usually our game-ending announcement was my friend's mom, when I could hear her screaming his name to come home. That was the cue the game was over for the day. Soon it was just Tommy and I around and we are always the last to leave. Knowing tomorrow we all would be back to play again and again. As I reminisce back on the sandlot, I think back to the days when I had the most fun. Every day was like a new adventure to be conquered by my friends and I. The lot after a couple of years was moved down the road to a new location, by a new group of children in my old neighborhood. They too, had done a nice job taking care of the field, as I go back to take another look at what my friends and I had originally started. As I see the kids play today, I am reminded of the times when we were all children and carefree. With not a single worry on our little minds except what new toys to buy, the sandlot my home away from home as a kid. Sports and Games Essays

law of dimihisn returns essays

law of dimihisn returns essays The Law of diminishing returns is a key one in economics. It is used to explain many of the ways the economy works and changes. It is a relatively simple idea; spending and investing more and more in a product where one of the factors of production remains the same means the enterprise will eventually run out of steam. The returns will begin to diminish in the long run. If more fertilizer and better machinery are used on an acre of farmland, the yield will increase for a while but then begin to slow and become flat. A farmer can only get so much out of the land, and the more the farmer works, the harder it gets. The economic reason for diminishing returns of capital is as follows: When the capital stock is low, there are many workers for each machine, and the benefits of increasing capital further are great; but when the capital stock is high, workers already have plenty of capital to work with, and little benefit is to be gained from expanding capital further. For example, in a secretarial pool in which there are many more secretaries than computer terminals, each terminal is constantly being utilized and secretaries must waste time waiting for a free terminal. In this situation, the benefit in terms of increased output of adding extra terminals is high. However, if there are already as many terminals as secretaries, so that terminals are often idle and there is no waiting for a terminal to become available, little additional output can be obtained by adding yet another terminal. Another application for this law is in Athletics, for runners, their investment is the time and energy put into training and the yield is hopefully improved fitness. Early in their running careers or early in the training program a couple of weeks of regular training would be rewarded with a considerable increase in fitness. Having achieved a very fit state though, two weeks of regular training will achieve ...

Journal 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal 1 - Essay Example In the United States constitution, the term commerce clause is used to refer to Article 1, Section 8, and Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution. This clause gives the Congress power to initiate regulations on the commerce between America and other nations, between states and between America and Indian tribes. This clause has for long been used in a way that the people of America and some interest groups feel that is a show of power by the Congress rather that the application of the law. The clause is used for instant in making regulations on the business that the business community in America is in, between themselves and with other nations. An application of this is the control of oil importation and prices. The statute of limitations is a type of federal or state statute or law that provides restrictions on the time within which the filing of a legal proceeding may be. The statute applies to both civil and criminal cases and is at preventing proceedings that have been shaped and spiced with fraudulent claims especially when the available evidence is not sufficient to allow the case to proceed or in case the evidence is. For example, the time allowed for a convicted criminal to appeal is usually 14 days. Beyond this time, an appeal cannot be filed. This ensures that obscure facts and defense evidence is not with to bring in a new picture of the case. A tort in legal terms refers to something that is wrong. It is an act by one person to cause harm to a different person. When this harm is unintended, then the act becomes known as unintentional tort or negligence. This means that the harm was caused through actions that resulted from negligence or unreasonable act, but the harm was intended. For example, if driving past a truck loaded with bricks and one brick fall from the truck and cause considerable damage to the car, then the person can file a lawsuit against the owner of the

Greece And Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Greece And Rome - Essay Example The Gods’ presences affected the minds of every individual who lived in Rome among other regions. How is what someone does or does not do pertain to the Gods? Does it affect their lifestyle? Do certain Gods meet specific criteria for the citizens of Rome? All of these questions affect the anxiety of how life is lived based on how each God is viewed. Fortunately, these worries are often put to rest for most people when guidelines are implemented and stories are told that predict the aftermath of worshipping one God vs. another. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, or Horace as current society knows him by, is no exception to helping create and foster the ideas of life in the presence of Gods (Horace, par. 1). Horace describes his occupation as: â€Å"Ye worthy trio! we poor sons of song/ Oft find ‘tis fancied right that leads us wrong† (Flaccus, par. 3, ll. 33-34). We poor sons of song refers to other lyrical poets. The next line oft find ‘tis fancied right that leads u s wrong means their talent of repeating history, remarking on ideas and sharing them should not be an ego boost. In other words, their ability in performing odes is a good deed if it is done correctly and not interpreted the way the poet believes it should be to gain favoritism. Horace remarks on how poets, or artists, are not gods and that it is vital to remember that in lines 45-46: By sense of art, creates a new defect/ Fix on some casual sculpture; he shall know/ How to give nails their sharpness, hair its flow;/ Yet he shall fail, because he lacks the soul/ To comprehend and reproduce the whole. (Flaccus, par. 3) The key words mentioned first are art and defect because it indicates that citizens need to keep a level head. He lacks the soul furthers Horace’s argument in that soul is defined as the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal. Horace is saying that people may understand how worldly things work, but they do not attain the ca pacity to create it based on the fact that he wrote reproduce the whole. Whole, in this case, meaning containing all its natural constituents, components, or elements states that humans cannot recreate life in its exact entirety the way Gods can when it is paired with the action of reproduction. Therefore, the Gods are viewed as being above the Romans, and they are entities that should be respected and worshipped in order to lead successful lives. Horace’s ode continues to discuss the theme of the Gods and how they impact Roman life. He says, â€Å"To Vesta’s temple and King Numa’s palace/†¦ Wild, love-lorn river god! He saw himself as/ Avenger of his long-lamenting llia† (Horace, tr Michie, 5, ll. 15, 17-18). The Gods are a part of Roman life. Here, Vesta is mentioned for she is the goddess of the hearth, and the first goddess to scorn if an outsider trespasses on a home. Also, the river God too, but what is most evident about this passage is that h uman emotion is personified on the Gods through words like love-lorn, which means being without love; forsaken by one’s lover, and avenger that is defined as to take vengeance on behalf of. The Romans did this in order to relate to the Gods and generate understanding. The Gods were viewed as having extensive influence in shaping the lives of the citizens of Rome. When some thing important happened, especially if it was a turn for the worse, people turned to the Gods. Horace says, â€Å"Which of the gods now shall the people summon/ To prop Rome’

The need for appropriate performance measures and management has been Essay

The need for appropriate performance measures and management has been a recurring theme in management and accounting over the la - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of the need for appropriate performance measures and management for organizations operating in the healthcare industry; reference is made especially to the UK National Health Service. The review of the literature published in the specific field led to the assumption that the performance measures and the management policies currently used by managers in NHS cannot respond to the organization’s needs – as identified through its daily activities. Moreover, it has been made clear that the above failure is related not only to the external but also to the internal organizational environment – referring to employees of all levels. It is suggested that measures are taken for the improvement of these policies trying to keep close control on the resources engaged and the time required. 2. Performance measurement and management of hospitals and other healthcare organizations The understanding of the criteria used for measuring the pe rformance of healthcare organizations requires the reference to the characteristics and the needs of performance measurement – as a strategic tool for checking the level of achievement of organizational goals. At the same time, reference should be made to the challenges that managers face within modern organizations, as these challenges can negatively affect the quality and the effectiveness of the relevant management practices. All these issues should be also taken into consideration when evaluating the performance measurement and the management policies of NHS. 2.1 Performance measurement and management – overview, role One of the key characteristics of performance measurement is the fact that the specific activity has different forms across firms of different size and culture. This fact is made clear in the study of Taticchi (2010). In the above study emphasis is given on the limited scope of performance measurement in SMEs – implying that the effectiveness o f performance measurement in large enterprises is expected to be higher, probably because of the support provided to the individuals involved (Taticchi 2010). On the other hand, the potential barriers that performance measurement systems and plans face in SMEs cannot reduce the value of these systems as key strategic tools. Of course, in large organizations the resources available for the development of advanced management and performance measurement plans are significant; thus, in organizations of such size the effectiveness of performance measurement methods is expected to be high, a fact that will be taken into consideration further on where the effectiveness of the performance measurement systems used in NHS will be discussed. At this point it would be necessary to refer to the characteristics of performance measurement – as part of the strategic process of organizations in all industries; in accordance with Rose (2005) ‘performance measurement is the language of pr ogress for the organization’ (Rose 2005 in Taticchi 2010, p.3). In each organization, performance measurement needs to be combined with appropriate management techniques –

Types of Security Threats and Protection Against Them

Types of Security Threats and Protection Against Them Introduction While attacks on computers by outside intruders are more publicized, attacks perpetrated by insiders are very common and often more damaging. Insiders represent the greatest threat to computer security because they understand their organizations business and how their computer systems work. They have both the confidentiality and access to perform these attacks. An inside attacker will have a higher probability of successfully breaking into the system and extracting critical information. The insiders also represent the greatest challenge to securing the company network because they are authorized a level of access to the file system and granted a degree of trust. A system administrator angered by his diminished role in a thriving defense manufacturing firm whose computer network he alone had developed and managed, centralized the software that supported the company’s manufacturing processes on a single server, and then intimidated a coworker into giving him the only backup tapes for that software. Following the system administrator’s termination for inappropriate and abusive treatment of his coworkers, a logic bomb previously planted by the insider detonated, deleting the only remaining copy of the critical software from the company’s server. The company estimated the cost of damage in excess of $10 million, which led to the layoff of some 80 employees. An application developer, who lost his IT sector job as a result of company downsizing, expressed his displeasure at being laid off just prior to the Christmas holidays by launching a systematic attack on his former employer’s computer network. Three weeks following his termination, the insider used the username and password of one of his former coworkers to gain remote access to the network and modify several of the company’s web pages, changing text and inserting pornographic images. He also sent each of the company’s customers an email message advising that the website had been hacked. Each email message also contained that customer’s usernames and passwords for the website. An investigation was initiated, but it failed to identify the insider as the perpetrator. A month and a half later, he again remotely accessed the network, executed a script to reset all network passwords and changed 4,000 pricing records to reflect bogus information. This former employee ultimately was identified as the perpetrator and prosecuted. He was sentenced to serve five months in prison and two years on supervised probation, and ordered to pay $48,600 restitution to his former employer. A city government employee who was passed over for promotion to finance director retaliated by deleting files from his and a coworker’s computers the day before the new finance director took office. An investigation identified the disgruntled employee as the perpetrator of the incident. City government officials disagreed with the primary police detective on the case as to whether all of the deleted files were recovered. No criminal charges were filed, and, under an agreement with city officials, the employee was allowed to resign. These incidents of sabotage were all committed by â€Å"insiders:† individuals who were, or previously had been, authorized to use the information systems they eventually employed to perpetrate harm. Insiders pose a substantial threat by virtue of their knowledge of, and access to, employer systems and/or databases. Keeney, M., et al (2005) The Nature of Security Threats The greatest threat to computer systems and information comes from humans, through actions that are either malicious or ignorant 3 . Attackers, trying to do harm, exploit vulnerabilities in a system or security policy employing various methods and tools to achieve their aims. Attackers usually have a motive to disrupt normal business operations or to steal information. The above diagram is depicts the types of security threats that exist. The diagram depicts the all threats to the computer systems but main emphasis will be on malicious â€Å"insiders†. The greatest threat of attacks against computer systems are from â€Å"insiders† who know the codes and security measures that are in place 45. With very specific objectives, an insider attack can affect all components of security. As employees with legitimate access to systems, they are familiar with an organization’s computer systems and applications. They are likely to know what actions cause the most damage and how to get away with it undetected. Considered members of the family, they are often above suspicion and the last to be considered when systems malfunction or fail. Disgruntled employees create mischief and sabotage against systems. Organizational downsizing in both public and private sectors has created a group of individuals with significant knowledge and capabilities for malicious activities 6 and revenge. Contract professionals and foreign nationals either brought into the U.S. on work visas to meet labor shortages or from offshore outsourcing projects are also included in this category of knowledgeable insiders. Common Insider Threat Common cases of computer-related employee sabotage include: changing data; deleting data; destroying data or programs with logic bombs; crashing systems; holding data hostage; destroying hardware or facilities; entering data incorrectly, exposing sensitive and embarrassing proprietary data to public view such as the salaries of top executives. Insiders can plant viruses, Trojan horses or worms, browse through file systems or program malicious code with little chance of detection and with almost total impunity. A 1998 FBI Survey 7 investigating computer crime found that of the 520 companies consulted, 64% had reported security breaches for a total quantifiable financial loss of $136 millions. (See chart) The survey also found that the largest number of breaches were by unauthorized insider access and concluded that these figures were very conservative as most companies were unaware of malicious activities or reluctant to report breaches for fear of negative press. The survey reported that the average cost of an attack by an outsider (hacker) at $56,000, while the average insider attack cost a company excess $2.7 million. It found that hidden costs associated with the loss in staff hours, legal liability, loss of proprietary information, decrease in productivity and the potential loss of credibility were impossible to quantify accurately. Employees who have caused damage have used their knowledge and access to information resources for a range of motives, including greed, revenge for perceived grievances, ego gratification, resolution of personal or professional problems, to protect or advance their careers, to challenge their skill, express anger, impress others, or some combination of these concerns. Insider Characteristics The majority of the insiders were former employees. At the time of the incident, 59% of the insiders were former employees or contractors of the affected organizations and 41% were current employees or contractors. The former employees or contractors left their positions for a variety of reasons. These included the insiders being fired (48%), resigning (38%), and being laid off (7%). Most insiders were either previously or currently employed full-time in a technical position within the organization. Most of the insiders (77%) were full-time employees of the affected organizations, either before or during the incidents. Eight percent of the insiders worked part-time, and an additional 8% had been hired as contractors or consultants. Two (4%) of the insiders worked as temporary employees, and one (2%) was hired as a subcontractor. Eighty-six percent of the insiders were employed in technical positions, which included system administrators (38%), programmers (21%), engineers (14%), and IT specialists (14%). Of the insiders not holding technical positions, 10% were employed in a professional position, which included, among others, insiders employed as editors, managers, and auditors. An additional two insiders (4%) worked in service positions, both of whom worked as customer service representatives. Insiders were demographically varied with regard to age, racial and ethnic background, gender, and marital status. The insiders ranged in age from 17 to 60 years (mean age = 32 years)17 and represented a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Ninety-six percent of the insiders were male. Forty-nine percent of the insiders were married at the time of the incident, while 45% were single, having never married, and 4% were divorced. Just under one-third of the insiders had an arrest history. Thirty percent of the insiders had been arrested previously, including arrests for violent offenses (18%), alcohol or drug related offenses (11%), and nonfinancial/ fraud related theft offenses (11%). Organization Characteristics The incidents affected organizations in the following critical infrastructure sectors: Banking and finance (8%) Continuity of government (16%) Defense industrial base (2%) Food (4%) Information and telecommunications (63%) Postal and shipping (2%) Public health (4%) In all, 82% of the affected organizations were in private industry, while 16% were government entities. Sixty-three percent of the organizations engaged in domestic activity only, 2% engaged in international activity only, and 35% engaged in activity both domestically and internationally. What motivate insiders? Internal attackers attempt to break into computer networks for many reasons. The subject has been fruitfully studied and internal attackers are used to be motivated with the following reasons [BSB03]: Challenge Many internal attackers initially attempt to break into networks for the challenge. A challenge combines strategic and tactical thinking, patience, and mental strength. However, internal attackers motivated by the challenge of breaking into networks often do not often think about their actions as criminal. For example, an internal attack can be the challenge to break into the mail server in order to get access to different emails of any employee. Revenge Internal attackers motivated by revenge have often ill feelings toward employees of the same company. These attackers can be particularly dangerous, because they generally focus on a single target, and they generally have patience. In the case of revenge, attackers can also be former employees that feel that they have been wrongfully fired. For example, a former employee may be motivated to launch an attack to the company in order to cause financial losses. Espionage Internal attackers motivated by espionage, steal confidential information for a third party. In general, two types of espionage exists: Industrial espionage Industrial espionage means that a company may pay its own employees in order to break into the networks of its competitors or business partners. The company may also hire someone else to do this. International espionage International espionage means that attackers work for governments and steal confidential information for other governments. Definitions of insider threat 1) The definition of insider threat should encompass two main threat actor categories and five general categories of activities. The first actor category, the â€Å"true insider,† is defined as any entity (person, system, or code) authorized by command and control elements to access network, system, or data. The second actor category, the â€Å"pseudo-insider,† is someone who, by policy, is not authorized the accesses, roles, and/or permissions they currently have but may have gotten them inadvertently or through malicious activities. The activities of both fall into five general categories: Exceeds given network, system or data permissions; Conducts malicious activity against or across the network, system or data; Provided unapproved access to the network, system or data; Circumvents security controls or exploits security weaknesses to exceed authorized permitted activity or disguise identify; or Non-maliciously or unintentionally damages resources (network, system or data) by destruction, corruption, denial of access, or disclosure. (Presented at the University of Louisville Cyber Securitys Day, October 2006) 2) Insiders — employees, contractors, consultants, and vendors — pose as great a threat to an organization’s security posture as outsiders, including hackers. Few organizations have implemented the policies, procedures, tools, or strategies to effectively address their insider threats. An insider threat assessment is a recommended first step for many organizations, followed by policy review, and employee awareness training. (Insider Threat Management Presented by infoLock Technologies) 3) Employees are an organization’s most important asset. Unfortunately, they also present the greatest security risks. Working and communicating remotely, storing sensitive data on portable devices such as laptops, PDAs, thumb drives, and even iPods employees have extended the security perimeter beyond safe limits. While convenient access to data is required for operational efficiency, the actions of trusted insiders not just employees, but consultants, contactors, vendors, and partners must be actively managed, audited, and monitored in order to protect sensitive data. (Presented by infoLock Technologies) 4) The diversity of cyber threat has grown over time from network-level attacks and password cracking to include newer classes such as insider attacks, email worms and social engineering, which are currently recognized as serious security problems. However, attack modeling and threat analysis tools have not evolved at the same rate. Known formal models such as attack graphs perform action-centric vulnerability modeling and analysis. All possible atomic user actions are represented as states, and sequences which lead to the violation of a specie safety property are extracted to indicate possible exploits. (Ramkumar Chinchani, Anusha Iyer, Hung Ngo, Shambhu Upadhyaya) 5) The Insider Threat Study, conducted by the U.S. Secret Service and Carnegie Mellon University’s Software Engineering Institute CERT Program, analyzed insider cyber crimes across U.S. critical infrastructure sectors. The study indicates that management decisions related to organizational and employee performance sometimes yield unintended consequences magnifying risk of insider attack. Lack of tools for understanding insider threat, analyzing risk mitigation alternatives, and communicating results exacerbates the problem. (Dawn M. Cappelli, Akash G. Desai) 6) The insider threat or insider problem is cited as the most serious security problem in many studies. It is also considered the most difficult problem to deal with, because an insider has information and capabilities not known to other, external attackers. But the studies rarely define what the insider threat is, or define it nebulously. The difficulty in handling the insider threat is reasonable under those circumstances; if one cannot define a problem precisely, how can one approach a solution, let alone know when the problem is solved? (Matt Bishop 2005) Five common insider threat Exploiting information via remote access software A considerable amount of insider abuse is performed offsite via remote access software such as Terminal Services, Citrix and GoToMyPC. Simply put, users are less likely to be caught stealing sensitive information when they can it do offsite. Also, inadequately protected remote computers may turn up in the hands of a third-party if the computer is left unattended, lost or stolen. 2.) Sending out information via e-mail and instant messaging Sensitive information can simply be included in or attached to an e-mail or IM. Although this is a serious threat, its also one of the easiest to eliminate. 3.) Sharing sensitive files on P2P networks Whether or not you allow peer-to-peer file sharing software such as Kazaa or IM on your network, odds are its there and waiting to be abused. The inanimate software in and of itself is not the problem – its how its used that causes trouble. All it takes is a simple misconfiguration to serve up your networks local and network drives to the world. 4.) Careless use of wireless networks Perhaps the most unintentional insider threat is that of insecure wireless network usage. Whether its at a coffee shop, airport or hotel, unsecured airwaves can easily put sensitive information in jeopardy. All it takes is a peek into e-mail communications or file transfers for valuable data to be stolen. Wi-Fi networks are most susceptible to these attacks, but dont overlook Bluetooth on smartphones and PDAs. Also, if you have WLANs inside your organization, employees could use it to exploit the network after hours. 5.) Posting information to discussion boards and blogs Quite often users post support requests, blogs or other work-related messages on the Internet. Whether intentional or not, this can include sensitive information and file attachments that put your organization at risk. Views of different authors about insider threat 1) Although insiders in this report tended to be former technical employees, there is no demographic â€Å"profile† of a malicious insider. Ages of perpetrators ranged from late teens to retirement. Both men and women were malicious insiders. Their positions included programmers, graphic artists, system and network administrators, managers, and executives. They were currently employed and recently terminated employees, contractors, and temporary employees. As such, security awareness training needs to encourage employees to identify malicious insiders by behavior, not by stereotypical characteristics. For example, behaviors that should be a source of concern include making threats against the organization, bragging about the damage one could do to the organization, or discussing plans to work against the organization. Also of concern are attempts to gain other employees’ passwords and to fraudulently obtain access through trickery or exploitation of a trusted relationsh ip. Insiders can be stopped, but stopping them is a complex problem. Insider attacks can only be prevented through a layered defense strategy consisting of policies, procedures, and technical controls. Therefore, management must pay close attention to many aspects of its organization, including its business policies and procedures, organizational culture, and technical environment. Organizations must look beyond information technology to the organization’s overall business processes and the interplay between those processes and the technologies used. (Michelle Keeney, J.D., Ph.D. atal 2005) 2) While attacks on computers by outside intruders are more publicized, attacks perpetrated by insiders are very common and often more damaging. Insiders represent the greatest threat to computer security because they understand their organizations business and how their computer systems work. They have both the confidentiality and access to perform these attacks. An inside attacker will have a higher probability of successfully breaking into the system and extracting critical information. The insiders also represent the greatest challenge to securing the company network because they are authorized a level of access to the file system and granted a degree of trust. (Nam Nguyen and Peter Reiher, Geoffrey H. Kuenning) 3) Geographically distributed information systems achieve high availability that is crucial to their usefulness by replicating their state. Providing instant access at time of need regardless of current network connectivity requires the state to be replicated in every geographical site so that it is locally available. As network environments become increasingly hostile, we have to assume that part of the distributed information system will be compromised at some point. The problem of maintaining a replicated state in such a system is magnified when insider (or Byzantine) attacks are taken into account. (Yair Amir Cristina Nita-Rotaru) 4) In 2006, over 60% of information security breaches were attributable to insider behavior, yet more than 80% of corporate IT security budgets were spent on securing perimeter defenses against outside attack. Protecting against insider threats means managing policy, process, technology, and most importantly, people. Protecting against insider threats means managing policy, process, technology, and most importantly, people.The Insider Threat Assessment security awareness training, infrastructure reconfiguration, or third party solutions, you can take comfort in knowing that you have made the right choice to improve your security posture, and you will achieve your expected Return on Security Investment. (Presented by infoLock Technologies) 5) The threat of attack from insiders is real and substantial. The 2004 ECrime Watch Survey TM conducted by the United States Secret Service, CERT  ® Coordination Center (CERT/CC), and CSO Magazine, 1 found that in cases where respondents could identify the perpetrator of an electronic crime, 29 percent were committed by insiders. The impact from insider attacks can be devastating. One complex case of financial fraud committed by an insider in a financial institution resulted in losses of over $600 million. 2 Another case involving a logic bomb written by a technical employee working for a defense contractor resulted in $10 million in losses and the layoff of 80 employees. (Dawn Cappelli, Andrew Moore, Timothy Shimeall,2005) 6) Insiders, by virtue of legitimate access to their organizations’ information, systems, and networks, pose a significant risk to employers. Employees experiencing financial problems have found it easy to use the systems they use at work everyday to commit fraud. Other employees, motivated by financial problems, greed, or the wish to impress a new employer, have stolen confidential data, proprietary information, or intellectual property from their employer. Lastly, technical employees, possibly the most dangerous because of their intimate knowledge of an organization’s vulnerabilities, have used their technical ability to sabotage their employer’s system or network in revenge for some negative work-related event. (Dawn M. Cappelli, Akash G. Desai ,at al 2004) 7) The insider problem is considered the most difficult and critical problem in computer security. But studies that survey the seriousness of the problem, and research that analyzes the problem, rarely define the problem precisely. Implicit definitions vary in meaning. Different definitions imply different countermeasures, as well as different assumptions. (Matt Bishop 2005) Solution: User monitoring Insiders have two things that external attackers don’t: privileged access and trust. This allows them to bypass preventative measures, access mission-critical assets, and conduct malicious acts all while flying under the radar unless a strong incident detection solution is in place. A number of variables motivate insiders, but the end result is that they can more easily perpetrate their crimes than an outsider who has limited access. Insiders can directly damage your business resulting in lost revenue, lost customers, reduced shareholder faith, a tarnished reputation, regulatory fines and legal fees. With such an expansive threat, organizations need an automated solution to help detect and analyze Malicious Insider Activity These are some points which could be helpful in monitoring and minimizing the insider threats: Detecting insider activity starts with an expanded log and event collection. Firewalls, routers and intrusion detection systems are important, but they are not enough. Organizations need to look deeper to include mission critical applications such as email applications, databases, operating systems, mainframes, access control solutions, physical security systems as well as identity and content management products. Correlation: identifying known types of suspicious and malicious behavior Anomaly detection: recognizing deviations from norms and baselines. Pattern discovery: uncovering seemingly unrelated events that show a pattern of suspicious activity From case management, event annotation and escalation to reporting, auditing and access to insider-relevant information, the technical solution must be in line with the organization’s procedures. This will ensure that insiders are addressed consistently, efficiently and effectively regardless of who they are. Identify suspicious user activity patterns and identify anomalies. Visually track and create business-level reports on user’s activity. Automatically escalate the threat levels of suspicious and malicious individuals. Respond according to your specific and unique corporate governing guidelines. Early detection of insider activity based on early warning indicators of suspicious behavior, such as: Stale or terminated accounts Excessive file printing, unusual printing times and keywords printed Traffic to suspicious destinations Unauthorized peripheral device access Bypassing security controls Attempts to alter or delete system logs Installation of malicious software The Insider Threat Study? The global acceptance, business adoption and growth of the Internet, and of Internetworking technologies in general, in response to customer requests for online access to business information systems, has ushered in an extraordinary expansion of electronic business transactions. In moving from internal (closed) business systems to open systems, the risk of malicious attacks and fraudulent activity has increased enormously, thereby requiring high levels of information security. Prior to the requirement for online, open access, the information security budget of a typical company was less then their tea and coffee expenses. Securing cyberspace has become a national priority. In The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, the President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board identified several critical infrastructure sectors10: banking and finance information and telecommunications transportation postal and shipping emergency services continuity of government public health Universities chemical industry, textile industry and hazardous materials agriculture defense industrial base The cases examined in the Insider Threat Study are incidents perpetrated by insiders (current or former employees or contractors) who intentionally exceeded or misused an authorized level of network, system, or data access in a manner that affected the security of the organizations’ data, systems, or daily business operations. Incidents included any compromise, manipulation of, unauthorized access to, exceeding authorized access to, tampering with, or disabling of any information system, network, or data. The cases examined also included any in which there was an unauthorized or illegal attempt to view, disclose, retrieve, delete, change, or add information. A completely secure, zero risk system is one which has zero functionality. Latest technology high-performance automated systems bring with them new risks in the shape of new attacks, new viruses and new software bugs, etc. IT Security, therefore, is an ongoing process. Proper risk management keeps the IT Security plans, policies and procedures up to date as per new requirements and changes in the computing environment. To implement controls to counter risks requires policies, and policy can only be implemented successfully if the top management is committed. And policy’s effective implementation is not possible without the training and awareness of staff. The State Bank of Pakistan recognizes that financial industry is built around the sanctity of the financial transactions. Owing to the critical role of financial institutions for a country and the extreme sensitivity of their information assets, the seriousness of IT Security and the ever-increasing threats it faces in today’s open world cannot be overstated. As more and more of our Banking Operations and products services become technology driven and dependent, consequently our reliance on these technology assets increases, and so does the need to protect and safeguard these resources to ensure smooth functioning of the financial industry. Here are different area in which we can work and check insider threat, but I chose textile industry as in textile industry there is less awareness of the insider threat. If an insider attack in an industry then industrialist try to cover up this news as these types of news about an industry can damage the reputation of the industry. Chapter 2 Review of Literature S, Axelsson. ,(2000) Anonymous 2001 Continuity of operations and correct functioning of information systems is important to most businesses. Threats to computerised information and process are threats to business quality and effectiveness. The objective of IT security is to put measures in place which eliminate or reduce significant threats to an acceptable level. Security and risk management are tightly coupled with quality management. Security measures should be implemented based on risk analysis and in harmony with Quality structures, processes and checklists. What needs to be protected, against whom and how? Security is the protection of information, systems and services against disasters, mistakes and manipulation so that the likelihood and impact of security incidents is minimised. IT security is comprised of: Confidentiality: Sensitive business objects (information processes) are disclosed only to authorised persons. ==> Controls are required to restrict access to objects. Integrity: The business need to control modification to objects (information and processes). ==> Controls are required to ensure objects are accurate and complete. Availability: The need to have business objects (information and services) available when needed. ==> Controls are required to ensure reliability of services. Legal Compliance: Information/data that is collected, processed, used, passed on or destroyed must be handled in line with current legislation of the relevant countries. A threat is a danger which could affect the security (confidentiality, integrity, availability) of assets, leading to a potential loss or damage. Stoneburner et al (2002) In this paper the author described a the risks which are Types of Security Threats and Protection Against Them Types of Security Threats and Protection Against Them Introduction While attacks on computers by outside intruders are more publicized, attacks perpetrated by insiders are very common and often more damaging. Insiders represent the greatest threat to computer security because they understand their organizations business and how their computer systems work. They have both the confidentiality and access to perform these attacks. An inside attacker will have a higher probability of successfully breaking into the system and extracting critical information. The insiders also represent the greatest challenge to securing the company network because they are authorized a level of access to the file system and granted a degree of trust. A system administrator angered by his diminished role in a thriving defense manufacturing firm whose computer network he alone had developed and managed, centralized the software that supported the company’s manufacturing processes on a single server, and then intimidated a coworker into giving him the only backup tapes for that software. Following the system administrator’s termination for inappropriate and abusive treatment of his coworkers, a logic bomb previously planted by the insider detonated, deleting the only remaining copy of the critical software from the company’s server. The company estimated the cost of damage in excess of $10 million, which led to the layoff of some 80 employees. An application developer, who lost his IT sector job as a result of company downsizing, expressed his displeasure at being laid off just prior to the Christmas holidays by launching a systematic attack on his former employer’s computer network. Three weeks following his termination, the insider used the username and password of one of his former coworkers to gain remote access to the network and modify several of the company’s web pages, changing text and inserting pornographic images. He also sent each of the company’s customers an email message advising that the website had been hacked. Each email message also contained that customer’s usernames and passwords for the website. An investigation was initiated, but it failed to identify the insider as the perpetrator. A month and a half later, he again remotely accessed the network, executed a script to reset all network passwords and changed 4,000 pricing records to reflect bogus information. This former employee ultimately was identified as the perpetrator and prosecuted. He was sentenced to serve five months in prison and two years on supervised probation, and ordered to pay $48,600 restitution to his former employer. A city government employee who was passed over for promotion to finance director retaliated by deleting files from his and a coworker’s computers the day before the new finance director took office. An investigation identified the disgruntled employee as the perpetrator of the incident. City government officials disagreed with the primary police detective on the case as to whether all of the deleted files were recovered. No criminal charges were filed, and, under an agreement with city officials, the employee was allowed to resign. These incidents of sabotage were all committed by â€Å"insiders:† individuals who were, or previously had been, authorized to use the information systems they eventually employed to perpetrate harm. Insiders pose a substantial threat by virtue of their knowledge of, and access to, employer systems and/or databases. Keeney, M., et al (2005) The Nature of Security Threats The greatest threat to computer systems and information comes from humans, through actions that are either malicious or ignorant 3 . Attackers, trying to do harm, exploit vulnerabilities in a system or security policy employing various methods and tools to achieve their aims. Attackers usually have a motive to disrupt normal business operations or to steal information. The above diagram is depicts the types of security threats that exist. The diagram depicts the all threats to the computer systems but main emphasis will be on malicious â€Å"insiders†. The greatest threat of attacks against computer systems are from â€Å"insiders† who know the codes and security measures that are in place 45. With very specific objectives, an insider attack can affect all components of security. As employees with legitimate access to systems, they are familiar with an organization’s computer systems and applications. They are likely to know what actions cause the most damage and how to get away with it undetected. Considered members of the family, they are often above suspicion and the last to be considered when systems malfunction or fail. Disgruntled employees create mischief and sabotage against systems. Organizational downsizing in both public and private sectors has created a group of individuals with significant knowledge and capabilities for malicious activities 6 and revenge. Contract professionals and foreign nationals either brought into the U.S. on work visas to meet labor shortages or from offshore outsourcing projects are also included in this category of knowledgeable insiders. Common Insider Threat Common cases of computer-related employee sabotage include: changing data; deleting data; destroying data or programs with logic bombs; crashing systems; holding data hostage; destroying hardware or facilities; entering data incorrectly, exposing sensitive and embarrassing proprietary data to public view such as the salaries of top executives. Insiders can plant viruses, Trojan horses or worms, browse through file systems or program malicious code with little chance of detection and with almost total impunity. A 1998 FBI Survey 7 investigating computer crime found that of the 520 companies consulted, 64% had reported security breaches for a total quantifiable financial loss of $136 millions. (See chart) The survey also found that the largest number of breaches were by unauthorized insider access and concluded that these figures were very conservative as most companies were unaware of malicious activities or reluctant to report breaches for fear of negative press. The survey reported that the average cost of an attack by an outsider (hacker) at $56,000, while the average insider attack cost a company excess $2.7 million. It found that hidden costs associated with the loss in staff hours, legal liability, loss of proprietary information, decrease in productivity and the potential loss of credibility were impossible to quantify accurately. Employees who have caused damage have used their knowledge and access to information resources for a range of motives, including greed, revenge for perceived grievances, ego gratification, resolution of personal or professional problems, to protect or advance their careers, to challenge their skill, express anger, impress others, or some combination of these concerns. Insider Characteristics The majority of the insiders were former employees. At the time of the incident, 59% of the insiders were former employees or contractors of the affected organizations and 41% were current employees or contractors. The former employees or contractors left their positions for a variety of reasons. These included the insiders being fired (48%), resigning (38%), and being laid off (7%). Most insiders were either previously or currently employed full-time in a technical position within the organization. Most of the insiders (77%) were full-time employees of the affected organizations, either before or during the incidents. Eight percent of the insiders worked part-time, and an additional 8% had been hired as contractors or consultants. Two (4%) of the insiders worked as temporary employees, and one (2%) was hired as a subcontractor. Eighty-six percent of the insiders were employed in technical positions, which included system administrators (38%), programmers (21%), engineers (14%), and IT specialists (14%). Of the insiders not holding technical positions, 10% were employed in a professional position, which included, among others, insiders employed as editors, managers, and auditors. An additional two insiders (4%) worked in service positions, both of whom worked as customer service representatives. Insiders were demographically varied with regard to age, racial and ethnic background, gender, and marital status. The insiders ranged in age from 17 to 60 years (mean age = 32 years)17 and represented a variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Ninety-six percent of the insiders were male. Forty-nine percent of the insiders were married at the time of the incident, while 45% were single, having never married, and 4% were divorced. Just under one-third of the insiders had an arrest history. Thirty percent of the insiders had been arrested previously, including arrests for violent offenses (18%), alcohol or drug related offenses (11%), and nonfinancial/ fraud related theft offenses (11%). Organization Characteristics The incidents affected organizations in the following critical infrastructure sectors: Banking and finance (8%) Continuity of government (16%) Defense industrial base (2%) Food (4%) Information and telecommunications (63%) Postal and shipping (2%) Public health (4%) In all, 82% of the affected organizations were in private industry, while 16% were government entities. Sixty-three percent of the organizations engaged in domestic activity only, 2% engaged in international activity only, and 35% engaged in activity both domestically and internationally. What motivate insiders? Internal attackers attempt to break into computer networks for many reasons. The subject has been fruitfully studied and internal attackers are used to be motivated with the following reasons [BSB03]: Challenge Many internal attackers initially attempt to break into networks for the challenge. A challenge combines strategic and tactical thinking, patience, and mental strength. However, internal attackers motivated by the challenge of breaking into networks often do not often think about their actions as criminal. For example, an internal attack can be the challenge to break into the mail server in order to get access to different emails of any employee. Revenge Internal attackers motivated by revenge have often ill feelings toward employees of the same company. These attackers can be particularly dangerous, because they generally focus on a single target, and they generally have patience. In the case of revenge, attackers can also be former employees that feel that they have been wrongfully fired. For example, a former employee may be motivated to launch an attack to the company in order to cause financial losses. Espionage Internal attackers motivated by espionage, steal confidential information for a third party. In general, two types of espionage exists: Industrial espionage Industrial espionage means that a company may pay its own employees in order to break into the networks of its competitors or business partners. The company may also hire someone else to do this. International espionage International espionage means that attackers work for governments and steal confidential information for other governments. Definitions of insider threat 1) The definition of insider threat should encompass two main threat actor categories and five general categories of activities. The first actor category, the â€Å"true insider,† is defined as any entity (person, system, or code) authorized by command and control elements to access network, system, or data. The second actor category, the â€Å"pseudo-insider,† is someone who, by policy, is not authorized the accesses, roles, and/or permissions they currently have but may have gotten them inadvertently or through malicious activities. The activities of both fall into five general categories: Exceeds given network, system or data permissions; Conducts malicious activity against or across the network, system or data; Provided unapproved access to the network, system or data; Circumvents security controls or exploits security weaknesses to exceed authorized permitted activity or disguise identify; or Non-maliciously or unintentionally damages resources (network, system or data) by destruction, corruption, denial of access, or disclosure. (Presented at the University of Louisville Cyber Securitys Day, October 2006) 2) Insiders — employees, contractors, consultants, and vendors — pose as great a threat to an organization’s security posture as outsiders, including hackers. Few organizations have implemented the policies, procedures, tools, or strategies to effectively address their insider threats. An insider threat assessment is a recommended first step for many organizations, followed by policy review, and employee awareness training. (Insider Threat Management Presented by infoLock Technologies) 3) Employees are an organization’s most important asset. Unfortunately, they also present the greatest security risks. Working and communicating remotely, storing sensitive data on portable devices such as laptops, PDAs, thumb drives, and even iPods employees have extended the security perimeter beyond safe limits. While convenient access to data is required for operational efficiency, the actions of trusted insiders not just employees, but consultants, contactors, vendors, and partners must be actively managed, audited, and monitored in order to protect sensitive data. (Presented by infoLock Technologies) 4) The diversity of cyber threat has grown over time from network-level attacks and password cracking to include newer classes such as insider attacks, email worms and social engineering, which are currently recognized as serious security problems. However, attack modeling and threat analysis tools have not evolved at the same rate. Known formal models such as attack graphs perform action-centric vulnerability modeling and analysis. All possible atomic user actions are represented as states, and sequences which lead to the violation of a specie safety property are extracted to indicate possible exploits. (Ramkumar Chinchani, Anusha Iyer, Hung Ngo, Shambhu Upadhyaya) 5) The Insider Threat Study, conducted by the U.S. Secret Service and Carnegie Mellon University’s Software Engineering Institute CERT Program, analyzed insider cyber crimes across U.S. critical infrastructure sectors. The study indicates that management decisions related to organizational and employee performance sometimes yield unintended consequences magnifying risk of insider attack. Lack of tools for understanding insider threat, analyzing risk mitigation alternatives, and communicating results exacerbates the problem. (Dawn M. Cappelli, Akash G. Desai) 6) The insider threat or insider problem is cited as the most serious security problem in many studies. It is also considered the most difficult problem to deal with, because an insider has information and capabilities not known to other, external attackers. But the studies rarely define what the insider threat is, or define it nebulously. The difficulty in handling the insider threat is reasonable under those circumstances; if one cannot define a problem precisely, how can one approach a solution, let alone know when the problem is solved? (Matt Bishop 2005) Five common insider threat Exploiting information via remote access software A considerable amount of insider abuse is performed offsite via remote access software such as Terminal Services, Citrix and GoToMyPC. Simply put, users are less likely to be caught stealing sensitive information when they can it do offsite. Also, inadequately protected remote computers may turn up in the hands of a third-party if the computer is left unattended, lost or stolen. 2.) Sending out information via e-mail and instant messaging Sensitive information can simply be included in or attached to an e-mail or IM. Although this is a serious threat, its also one of the easiest to eliminate. 3.) Sharing sensitive files on P2P networks Whether or not you allow peer-to-peer file sharing software such as Kazaa or IM on your network, odds are its there and waiting to be abused. The inanimate software in and of itself is not the problem – its how its used that causes trouble. All it takes is a simple misconfiguration to serve up your networks local and network drives to the world. 4.) Careless use of wireless networks Perhaps the most unintentional insider threat is that of insecure wireless network usage. Whether its at a coffee shop, airport or hotel, unsecured airwaves can easily put sensitive information in jeopardy. All it takes is a peek into e-mail communications or file transfers for valuable data to be stolen. Wi-Fi networks are most susceptible to these attacks, but dont overlook Bluetooth on smartphones and PDAs. Also, if you have WLANs inside your organization, employees could use it to exploit the network after hours. 5.) Posting information to discussion boards and blogs Quite often users post support requests, blogs or other work-related messages on the Internet. Whether intentional or not, this can include sensitive information and file attachments that put your organization at risk. Views of different authors about insider threat 1) Although insiders in this report tended to be former technical employees, there is no demographic â€Å"profile† of a malicious insider. Ages of perpetrators ranged from late teens to retirement. Both men and women were malicious insiders. Their positions included programmers, graphic artists, system and network administrators, managers, and executives. They were currently employed and recently terminated employees, contractors, and temporary employees. As such, security awareness training needs to encourage employees to identify malicious insiders by behavior, not by stereotypical characteristics. For example, behaviors that should be a source of concern include making threats against the organization, bragging about the damage one could do to the organization, or discussing plans to work against the organization. Also of concern are attempts to gain other employees’ passwords and to fraudulently obtain access through trickery or exploitation of a trusted relationsh ip. Insiders can be stopped, but stopping them is a complex problem. Insider attacks can only be prevented through a layered defense strategy consisting of policies, procedures, and technical controls. Therefore, management must pay close attention to many aspects of its organization, including its business policies and procedures, organizational culture, and technical environment. Organizations must look beyond information technology to the organization’s overall business processes and the interplay between those processes and the technologies used. (Michelle Keeney, J.D., Ph.D. atal 2005) 2) While attacks on computers by outside intruders are more publicized, attacks perpetrated by insiders are very common and often more damaging. Insiders represent the greatest threat to computer security because they understand their organizations business and how their computer systems work. They have both the confidentiality and access to perform these attacks. An inside attacker will have a higher probability of successfully breaking into the system and extracting critical information. The insiders also represent the greatest challenge to securing the company network because they are authorized a level of access to the file system and granted a degree of trust. (Nam Nguyen and Peter Reiher, Geoffrey H. Kuenning) 3) Geographically distributed information systems achieve high availability that is crucial to their usefulness by replicating their state. Providing instant access at time of need regardless of current network connectivity requires the state to be replicated in every geographical site so that it is locally available. As network environments become increasingly hostile, we have to assume that part of the distributed information system will be compromised at some point. The problem of maintaining a replicated state in such a system is magnified when insider (or Byzantine) attacks are taken into account. (Yair Amir Cristina Nita-Rotaru) 4) In 2006, over 60% of information security breaches were attributable to insider behavior, yet more than 80% of corporate IT security budgets were spent on securing perimeter defenses against outside attack. Protecting against insider threats means managing policy, process, technology, and most importantly, people. Protecting against insider threats means managing policy, process, technology, and most importantly, people.The Insider Threat Assessment security awareness training, infrastructure reconfiguration, or third party solutions, you can take comfort in knowing that you have made the right choice to improve your security posture, and you will achieve your expected Return on Security Investment. (Presented by infoLock Technologies) 5) The threat of attack from insiders is real and substantial. The 2004 ECrime Watch Survey TM conducted by the United States Secret Service, CERT  ® Coordination Center (CERT/CC), and CSO Magazine, 1 found that in cases where respondents could identify the perpetrator of an electronic crime, 29 percent were committed by insiders. The impact from insider attacks can be devastating. One complex case of financial fraud committed by an insider in a financial institution resulted in losses of over $600 million. 2 Another case involving a logic bomb written by a technical employee working for a defense contractor resulted in $10 million in losses and the layoff of 80 employees. (Dawn Cappelli, Andrew Moore, Timothy Shimeall,2005) 6) Insiders, by virtue of legitimate access to their organizations’ information, systems, and networks, pose a significant risk to employers. Employees experiencing financial problems have found it easy to use the systems they use at work everyday to commit fraud. Other employees, motivated by financial problems, greed, or the wish to impress a new employer, have stolen confidential data, proprietary information, or intellectual property from their employer. Lastly, technical employees, possibly the most dangerous because of their intimate knowledge of an organization’s vulnerabilities, have used their technical ability to sabotage their employer’s system or network in revenge for some negative work-related event. (Dawn M. Cappelli, Akash G. Desai ,at al 2004) 7) The insider problem is considered the most difficult and critical problem in computer security. But studies that survey the seriousness of the problem, and research that analyzes the problem, rarely define the problem precisely. Implicit definitions vary in meaning. Different definitions imply different countermeasures, as well as different assumptions. (Matt Bishop 2005) Solution: User monitoring Insiders have two things that external attackers don’t: privileged access and trust. This allows them to bypass preventative measures, access mission-critical assets, and conduct malicious acts all while flying under the radar unless a strong incident detection solution is in place. A number of variables motivate insiders, but the end result is that they can more easily perpetrate their crimes than an outsider who has limited access. Insiders can directly damage your business resulting in lost revenue, lost customers, reduced shareholder faith, a tarnished reputation, regulatory fines and legal fees. With such an expansive threat, organizations need an automated solution to help detect and analyze Malicious Insider Activity These are some points which could be helpful in monitoring and minimizing the insider threats: Detecting insider activity starts with an expanded log and event collection. Firewalls, routers and intrusion detection systems are important, but they are not enough. Organizations need to look deeper to include mission critical applications such as email applications, databases, operating systems, mainframes, access control solutions, physical security systems as well as identity and content management products. Correlation: identifying known types of suspicious and malicious behavior Anomaly detection: recognizing deviations from norms and baselines. Pattern discovery: uncovering seemingly unrelated events that show a pattern of suspicious activity From case management, event annotation and escalation to reporting, auditing and access to insider-relevant information, the technical solution must be in line with the organization’s procedures. This will ensure that insiders are addressed consistently, efficiently and effectively regardless of who they are. Identify suspicious user activity patterns and identify anomalies. Visually track and create business-level reports on user’s activity. Automatically escalate the threat levels of suspicious and malicious individuals. Respond according to your specific and unique corporate governing guidelines. Early detection of insider activity based on early warning indicators of suspicious behavior, such as: Stale or terminated accounts Excessive file printing, unusual printing times and keywords printed Traffic to suspicious destinations Unauthorized peripheral device access Bypassing security controls Attempts to alter or delete system logs Installation of malicious software The Insider Threat Study? The global acceptance, business adoption and growth of the Internet, and of Internetworking technologies in general, in response to customer requests for online access to business information systems, has ushered in an extraordinary expansion of electronic business transactions. In moving from internal (closed) business systems to open systems, the risk of malicious attacks and fraudulent activity has increased enormously, thereby requiring high levels of information security. Prior to the requirement for online, open access, the information security budget of a typical company was less then their tea and coffee expenses. Securing cyberspace has become a national priority. In The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, the President’s Critical Infrastructure Protection Board identified several critical infrastructure sectors10: banking and finance information and telecommunications transportation postal and shipping emergency services continuity of government public health Universities chemical industry, textile industry and hazardous materials agriculture defense industrial base The cases examined in the Insider Threat Study are incidents perpetrated by insiders (current or former employees or contractors) who intentionally exceeded or misused an authorized level of network, system, or data access in a manner that affected the security of the organizations’ data, systems, or daily business operations. Incidents included any compromise, manipulation of, unauthorized access to, exceeding authorized access to, tampering with, or disabling of any information system, network, or data. The cases examined also included any in which there was an unauthorized or illegal attempt to view, disclose, retrieve, delete, change, or add information. A completely secure, zero risk system is one which has zero functionality. Latest technology high-performance automated systems bring with them new risks in the shape of new attacks, new viruses and new software bugs, etc. IT Security, therefore, is an ongoing process. Proper risk management keeps the IT Security plans, policies and procedures up to date as per new requirements and changes in the computing environment. To implement controls to counter risks requires policies, and policy can only be implemented successfully if the top management is committed. And policy’s effective implementation is not possible without the training and awareness of staff. The State Bank of Pakistan recognizes that financial industry is built around the sanctity of the financial transactions. Owing to the critical role of financial institutions for a country and the extreme sensitivity of their information assets, the seriousness of IT Security and the ever-increasing threats it faces in today’s open world cannot be overstated. As more and more of our Banking Operations and products services become technology driven and dependent, consequently our reliance on these technology assets increases, and so does the need to protect and safeguard these resources to ensure smooth functioning of the financial industry. Here are different area in which we can work and check insider threat, but I chose textile industry as in textile industry there is less awareness of the insider threat. If an insider attack in an industry then industrialist try to cover up this news as these types of news about an industry can damage the reputation of the industry. Chapter 2 Review of Literature S, Axelsson. ,(2000) Anonymous 2001 Continuity of operations and correct functioning of information systems is important to most businesses. Threats to computerised information and process are threats to business quality and effectiveness. The objective of IT security is to put measures in place which eliminate or reduce significant threats to an acceptable level. Security and risk management are tightly coupled with quality management. Security measures should be implemented based on risk analysis and in harmony with Quality structures, processes and checklists. What needs to be protected, against whom and how? Security is the protection of information, systems and services against disasters, mistakes and manipulation so that the likelihood and impact of security incidents is minimised. IT security is comprised of: Confidentiality: Sensitive business objects (information processes) are disclosed only to authorised persons. ==> Controls are required to restrict access to objects. Integrity: The business need to control modification to objects (information and processes). ==> Controls are required to ensure objects are accurate and complete. Availability: The need to have business objects (information and services) available when needed. ==> Controls are required to ensure reliability of services. Legal Compliance: Information/data that is collected, processed, used, passed on or destroyed must be handled in line with current legislation of the relevant countries. A threat is a danger which could affect the security (confidentiality, integrity, availability) of assets, leading to a potential loss or damage. Stoneburner et al (2002) In this paper the author described a the risks which are