The Glaciers of Yosemite National Park Essay -- Geology

The Glaciers of Yosemite National Park One of nature's most powerful and influential forces is also one of nature's coldest and slowest processes. These great icy rivers are called glaciers and have formed some of the most beautiful scenery on this planet. These enormous frozen bodies of water are often thousands of feet wide and deep and many miles long. They cover millions of acres of land and drastically change the land into beautiful mountains with many amazing features. One of the areas where glaciers have been most influential is in Yosemite National Park in California. Here almost every glacial feature is shown. However, before this information about glaciers in Yosemite was clear, there was the Yosemite Controversy with arguments of different views of how the valley originated. Glaciers are best described in this passage by naturalist John Muir: (Bailey) (Guyton) The work of glaciers, especially the part they have played in sculpturing the face of the earth, is as yet but little understood, because they have so few loving observers willing to remain with them long enough to appreciate them. Water rivers work openly where people dwell, and so does the rain and the dew, and the great salt sea embracing all the world; and even the universal ocean of air, though invisible, yet it speaks aloud in a thousand voices, and explains its modes of working and its power. But glaciers, back in their cold solitudes, work apart from men, exerting their tremendous energies in silence and darkness. Outspread, spirit-like, they brood above the long predestined landscapes, working on unwearied though unmeasured ages, until, in the fullness of time, the mountains and valleys and plains are brought forth, channels furrowed for the rive... ... which shaped the valley even more. Rockfall has shaped the Royal Arches and Mirror Lake. Recently in July of 1996, there was a large rock fall and in January of 1997 the Merced River flooded proving that the geology of Yosemite is a forever changing process that still goes on to this day. (Guyton) Bibliography Bailey, Ronald H. Planet Earth: Glacier. Time-Life Books: Alexandria, 1982. Guyton, Bill. Glaciers of California. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1998. Huber, N. King. The Geologic Story of Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Association: Yosemite National Park, 1989. Lutgens, Fredrick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck. Earth Science. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, 2002. Matthes, Francois E. The Incomparable Valley. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1950. Tierney, Tim. Geology of the Mono Basin. Kutsavi Press: Lee Vining, 1995.

Positions During A Childbirth Health And Social Care Essay

BBC universe intelligence ( 2004 ) online article titled, â€Å" Actions urged over painful births † provinces that 40 % of adult females surveyed from the National Childbirth Trust are non encouraged to exchange to a more comfy up right place during childbearing. A representative from the NCT, Belinda Phipps, stresses in the article that presuming a posing, crouching or standing place reduces hurting, anxiousness, and extradural usage. This article besides remarks that placental blood flow is increased as is besides the infinite between pelvic castanetss while presuming an unsloped place ( 2004 ) . The following article from givingbirthnaturally.com, titled â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Positions † states that the grounds for taking a lithotomy place during labour has nil to make with comfort or effectivity for the female parent and foetus, but instead for the physician ‘s convenience ( 2007 ) . In add-on, a supine place may besides take to a excess intercessions, which include usage of forceps, vacuity and episiotomy. The writer besides points out that holding the adult female ‘s legs pulled back during forcing additions emphasis on the perineum and increases hazard of rupturing ( 2007 ) . In contrast, the 2010 article â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † from askamum.co.uk, gives ground to believe that being in a supine place is good. It argues that adult females may experience psychologically more comfy merely because they are more familiar with that place. It besides notes that a sitting place has its drawbacks because it puts greater force per unit area on the tail bone and limits its motion ( 2010 ) .Research ArticlesIn the quantitative survey by Adachi, Shimada and Usui ( 2003 ) , the hurting strength of labour experienced by female parents was evaluated utilizing supine and sitting places. A sample of 39 primiparous and 19 multiparous was used and back and abdominal hurting were measured utilizing a ocular parallel graduated table ( VAS ) . This survey was a nonexperimental retrospective chart reappraisal. The findings reported that there were lower hurting tonss in a sitting place compared to a supine place. The hurting tonss included uninterrupted lumbar and abdominal hurting during labour ; and besides during contractions. Using a 100 millimetre VAS graduated table ; a alteration greater than 13 millimetre in tonss would be more than sufficient for lessened alteration in patient badness ( Adachi, Shimada and Usui, 2003 ) . Although there were no important lessenings in abdominal hurting in either place ; there was a noticeable lessening affecting back hurting greater than 13 millimetres. Restrictions of the survey included that hurting badness was non measured in all phases and stages of labour. The hurting measurings were done for 15 minute intervals and were non administered on a regular basis. This survey besides involved a homogeneous sample in merely one clinic. The correlativity between hurting and parturition places besides is may be weak because it merely two places were used. The strength of this survey is that it used a VAS instrument. The VAS measurement instrument has been validated to reliably step both the quan titative degree of hurting and its badness with dependability. The quantitative survey conducted by Shorten and Donsante ( 2002 ) , examined birth places which influenced perineal cryings. Datas from 2981 vaginal births were analyzed utilizing a nonexperimental design and logical arrested development theoretical accounts. These theoretical accounts were used to categorise the dependent variables as perineal cryings, episiotomies and integral perineum. Each variable was coded as either a 0 ( non ) or 1 ( nowadays ) if a status was present. Findingss for the survey indicated that a correlativity did be between birth place and perineum result at the terminal of labour ( Shorten & A ; Donsante, 2002 ) . The side-lying sidelong place had the highest association with an addition for integral perineum. There was an 84 % opportunity of episiotomy when in the semi-recumbent place. One of the restrictions of the survey was that a randomized controlled test design was non used. An extra restriction was that immaterial variables such as perineum direction ( massage, oils, etc. ) were non recorded during the survey. However, the strength of this survey was the appraisal and designation of factors/variables such as age, birth-attendant, newborn weight, and length of 2nd phase on the chance of tear, episiotomy and integral perineum. The following quantitative survey conducted by Mayberry, Stange, Suplee, and Gennaro ( 2003 ) , studied if low-dose extradural usage affected fluctuations of unsloped places. A sample of 74 primiparous adult females was studied. The survey ‘s design was a nonexperimental descriptive survey with no control group. The findings reported that all 74 adult females were able to presume any of the eight unsloped places in the survey during 1st and 2nd phase of labour. The major restriction of the survey was the usage of a convenience sample, which poses a greater hazard of prejudice and lowers generalisation of consequences. One the strengths of this survey was consistence. Two trained research nurses were the lone 1s allowed to go to attention to all of the 74 survey topics. Besides the survey ‘s sample included adult females of different age, weight and tallness. Another quantitative survey, conducted by Jonge, Rijnders, Diem, Scheepers, and Janssen ( 2009 ) , examined the influence of sociodemographic and labour factors on the choice of delivering places in 2nd phase labour. The design was a nonexperimental retrospective cohort survey which used a postal questionnaire. The sample consisted of 665 low-risk adult females participants who received attention from accoucheuses. The writers found that 30.5 % of the adult females used the supine place along with other places. Of those 203 adult females, 42 % were 36 old ages of age or older and extremely educated ( Jonge et al. 2009 ) . Restrictions to the survey were the information was collected 3-4 old ages after the birth. The long period of clip may hold increased remembrance prejudice and weakened the relationship of variables in the survey. There was besides no information collected on how much control adult females had to take different places. Besides other clinical factors which influence birth places such as foetal weight, place, station, and emphasis were non included in the survey. The survey ‘s strength was that information was merely used if midwife attention began from the start of 2nd phase of labour. The sample composed of patient from eight different obstetrics patterns could besides be considered a strength to the survey because it added fluctuation of race, age, and sociodemographics. In the qualitative survey by De Jonge and Largo-Janssen ( 2004 ) , insight into adult females ‘s experience and influences of birth places were explored during labour. The design was a qualitative cohort pilot survey. Womans were sent a questionnaire and consent signifiers if they wished to take part in one to one interviews for the pilot survey. Twenty adult females agreed to take part in the survey. The pilot survey involved merely the topics and accoucheuses who were present during the labour. Of the 20 adult females, 13 of them used more than one place during the 2nd phase of labour. Ten adult females largely were in the supine place during labour and 11 of the 20 gave birth in that place ( De Jonge & A ; Largo-Janssen, 2004 ) . Findingss for this survey revealed that 17 of the 20 adult females claimed the accoucheuse as the biggest ground that influences their pick of place. Eleven adult females stated that the type of places used influenced the type of hurting experienced . Eight adult females felt they had more control direction of their labour forcing piece in an unsloped place during the 2nd phase. The survey ‘s strengths were that all interviews were face to face and recorded. To heighten the sum-up of their experience three types of the undermentioned informations were used: interview, questionnaire and background information from the original pilot survey. The survey topics were besides able to take the scene of the interview and were all asked open-ended inquiries. One of the major restrictions of this survey was that the interviewer was the same accoucheuse that had been at that place for their labour. This could hold caused a Hawthorne consequence in the topics ‘ responses. There was about a 7-19 hebdomad spread between the existent labour and the research interview which may hold biased callback.Compare and ContrastIn general, the consumer articles and the research articles both agreed on the benefits and results of utilizing di fferent places other than supine. The BBC consumer article included in their piece an NCT representative ; who stated an unsloped place would be good to cut down hurting and promote comfort ( â€Å" Action urged over painful births † 2004 ) . This concurs with findings by Adachi et Al ( 2003 ) their analysis of average VAS tonss that showed lower hurting tonss for entire hurting and during contractions while in a seated place. A average five point difference in entire hurting for uninterrupted and contraction hurting during labour was reported. The survey ‘s most important findings was a average 12 point difference in tonss for lumbar hurting during the first phase of labour ( 6-8cm dilation ) when in a seated place ( Adachi et al 2003 ) . Another similarity between articles was the perineum result and placement ; this was apparent in the survey by Shorten & A ; Donsante and the consumer article â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Positions † . Shorten & A ; Donsante ‘s ( 2002 ) survey reported the highest rate ( 66.6 % ) for integral perineum was in the sidelong place. The lowest rate ( 42 % ) of the birth places for integral perineum was the squatting place. The rates clearly show an advantage of utilizing the sidelong side-lying place over merely utilizing the semi-recumbent place. This corresponds with the ( â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Positions † 2010 ) recommendation of utilizing different places to diminish likely goon of cryings, episiotomies and utilize excess intercessions. The consumer article â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Position † besides agreed with the survey by De Jonge et Al. ( 2009 ) . The survey concluded that scenes in which the accoucheuse is the primary attention giver during intrapartum, there was a higher chance of utilizing more than one birth place. De Jonge et Al. ( 2009 ) , qualitative survey besides showed that the nurse accoucheuse is an of import determiner in act uponing birth places. This suggests that the wellness attention professional dramas in important portion in pick of places. â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Position † besides states that the predominate usage of one place ( largely lithotomy ) is based entirely on convenience for the obstetrician. In add-on, the BBC consumer article states that unsloped places are non encouraged in the West by accoucheurs. Both consumer and primary articles besides agree on comfort and anxiousness being decreased when utilizing different places. Several adult females in the De Jonge & A ; Largo-Janssen ‘s ( 2004 ) survey claimed to experience more abashed and less comfy chiefly in one place ( supine ) during old labours. In this research study the participants assumed a assortment of places non used in old labours. Towards the terminal of labour, the participant would exchange to the supine place and reported experiencing more comfy utilizing this method. One adult female described her labour experience as: â€Å" the more you can propose yourself, or happen out places for yourself, the better I find it coming to footings with it, instead than person stating, and now lay down and you pushaˆÂ ¦ † ( De Jonge & A ; Largo-Janssen, 2004 ) . This is similar to BBC ‘s article, in which Belinda Phipps advocates adult female to acquire up and travel about or exchange places instead than merely lying down and waiting. A little figure of dissensions did be between the consumer and research articles over birth places. â€Å" Fixing for & A ; giving birth † notes that several places may non be comfy and may really increase hurting. The standing place is reported to be the most exhausting ; while being in all 4s would most likely cause giddiness. This article besides argues that crouching and kneeling places would besides increase weariness because of the usage of more force in leg musculuss. However the Mayberry et Al. ( 2003 ) survey reported that one of the chief advantage of jumping places is overall maternal weariness is reduced. Although merely two places were used in Adachi et Al. ( 2003 ) survey ; they besides reported overall less hurting tonss for adult females. The usage of extradural anaesthesia was besides a point of dissension between â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † and the survey of Mayberry et Al ( 2003 ) . â€Å" Fixing for & A ; giving birth † encourages that when having epidural the female parent should remain in bed to restrict motion and placement ( â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † , 2010 ) . Mayberry et Al. ( 2003 ) survey reported that 67 % of adult females in the survey labored in two or more places and 21.6 % labored in four or more places. Besides two adult females in the survey were able to walk around after having the epidural. One of the safety issues that were addressed by ( â€Å" Preparing for & A ; giving birth † , 2010 ) is that presuming a sitting place may suppress transition for the babe. This is due to the increased force per unit area on the tail bone. It is besides advocated when in a kneeling place to utilize tablets or seeking the place in bed because of the force per unit area on the articulatio genuss. The article besides encourages restricting lying on your dorsum because the weight of the uterus pressure on blood vass and as a consequence may restrict blood supply to the babe. When the female parent has chosen hapless birth places ; the hazard of shoulder dystocia, foetal hurt, and usage of internal monitoring and other complications may increase ( â€Å" Best Labor and Birth Position † , 2010 ) .Nursing ChallengeA nursing challenge on birth places would most likely occur in the labour and bringing unit and at everyday office visits during gestation. The contention of birth p laces lies in the deficiency of instruction about alternate places and non deficiency of options given by wellness suppliers. Nurses play an of import duty in educating adult females of alternate places and by authorising adult females to do picks. Nurse must be cognizant of each birth place ‘s pros and cons on the foetus and female parent. These issues must be explained clearly in non-jargon footings whenever possible. Questions should be encouraged and developing places in progress can fix the female parent for when labour begins. This requires the nurse to be patient and helpful with the female parent happening the place she is most comfy at the minute. As the labour progresses ; hurting, anxiousness and weariness might increase, so the nurse must back up the female parent psychologically and physiologically.PICO QuestionAfter comparing the diverse point of views of consumer and research articles on birth places a hereafter survey might turn to these issues with adult femal es with multiple foetuss. PICO Question: Do the same benefits of utilizing more than one place during labour in a individual birth use to a female parent of multiple gestations in their first gestation? Population: Mothers in their first gestation with multiple gestations. Intervention: A assortment of different birth places. Comparison: Mothers with multiple gestations that merely used one place during labour. Result: Datas may demo a lessening in perineal cryings, hurting, anxiousness, weariness and addition in comfort for the female parent and foetuss.Decision

New Urbanism Planning and Design

New Urbanism Planning and Design New Urbanism is an urban planning and design movement that began in the United States in the early 1980s. Its goals are to reduce dependence on the car, and to create livable and walkable, neighborhoods with a densely packed array of housing, jobs, and commercial sites. New Urbanism also promotes a return to the traditional town planning seen in places such as downtown Charleston, South Carolina and Georgetown in Washington, D.C. These locations are ideal for New Urbanists because in each one there is an easily walkable Main Street, a downtown park, shopping districts and a gridded street system. History of New Urbanism In the beginning of the 19th century, development of American cities often took a compact, mixed-use form, reminiscent of that found in places like old town Alexandria, Virginia. With the development of the streetcar and affordable rapid transit, however, cities began to spread out and create streetcar suburbs. The later invention of the automobile further increased this decentralization from the central city which later led to separated land uses and urban sprawl. New Urbanism is a reaction to the spreading out of cities. The ideas then began to spread in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as urban planners and architects started to come up with plans to model cities in the U.S. after those in Europe. In 1991, New Urbanism developed more strongly when the Local Government Commission, a nonprofit group in Sacramento, California, invited several architects, including Peter Calthorpe, Michael Corbett, Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk among others, to Yosemite National Park to develop a set of principles for land use planning that focused on the community and its livability. The principles, named after Yosemites Ahwahnee Hotel where the conference was held, are called the Ahwahnee Principles. Within these, there are 15 community principles, four regional principles and four principles of implementation. Each one, however, deals with both past and present ideas to make cities as clean, walkable and livable as possible. These principles were then presented to government officials in late 1991 at the Yosemite Conference for Local Elected Officials. Shortly thereafter, some of the architects involved in creating the Ahwahnee Principles formed the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) in 1993. Today, CNU is the leading promoter of New Urbanist ideas and has grown to over 3,000 members. It also holds conferences yearly in cities across the U.S. to further promote New Urbanism design principles. Core New Urbanist Ideas Within the concept of New Urbanism today, there are four key ideas. The first of these is to ensure that a city is walkable. This means that no resident should need a car to get anywhere in the community and they should be no more than a five-minute walk from any basic good or service. To achieve this, communities should invest in sidewalks and narrow streets. In addition to actively promoting walking, cities should also de-emphasize the car by placing garages behind homes or in alleys. There should also only be on-street parking, instead of large parking lots. Another core idea of New Urbanism is that buildings should be mixed both in their style, size, price, and function. For example, a small townhouse can be placed next to a larger, single family home. Mixed-use buildings such as those containing commercial spaces with apartments over them are also ideal in this setting. Finally, a New Urbanist city should have a strong emphasis on the community. This means maintaining connections between people with high density, parks, open spaces and community gathering centers like a plaza or neighborhood square. Examples of New Urbanist Cities Although New Urbanist design strategies have been tried in various places across the U.S., the first fully developed New Urbanist town was Seaside, Florida, designed by architects Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Construction began there in 1981 and almost immediately, it became famous for its architecture, public spaces, and quality of streets. The Stapleton neighborhood in Denver, Colorado, is another example of New Urbanism in the U.S. It is on the site of the former Stapleton International Airport and construction began in 2001. The neighborhood is zoned as residential, commercial and office and will be one of the largest in Denver. Like Seaside, it too will de-emphasize the car but it will also have parks and open space. Criticisms of New Urbanism Despite the popularity of New Urbanism in the recent decades, there have been some criticisms of its design practices and principles. The first of these is that the density of its cities leads to a lack of privacy for residents. Some critics claim that people want detached homes with yards so they are further away from their neighbors. By having mixed density neighborhoods and possibly sharing driveways and garages, this privacy is lost. Critics also say that New Urbanist towns feel inauthentic and isolated because they do not represent the norm of settlement patterns in the U.S. Many of these critics often point to Seaside as it was used to film portions of the film The Truman Show and as a model of Disneys community, Celebration, Florida. Finally, critics of New Urbanism argue that instead of promoting diversity and community, New Urbanist neighborhoods only attract affluent white residents as they often become very expensive places to live. Regardless of these criticisms though, New Urbanist ideas are becoming a popular form of planning communities and with a growing emphasis on mixed-use buildings, high density settlements, and walkable cities, its principles will continue into the future.

prejudice ignites slavery essays

prejudice ignites slavery essays In the late 1600s, the term servant took on a new meaning in English Mainland North America. Servitude became involuntary, inheritable, and required of blacks. A servants term became life long. By the 1660s the term Negro and slave became synonymous, and as a result of newly established laws, enslaved Africans were subjected to harsher and more brutal control than any other laborers. The origin behind the initiation of slavery is a well-debated issue. Was it unique to America? Were blacks always designated to be slaves? Historians Oscar and Mary Handlin, Carl N. Degler, and Edmund S. Morgan debate the origin of slavery and racism towards Negroes. While Handlin and Morgan offer well put together thoughts, Degler argues a valid point with the most supporting evidence. Prejudice against men of color, whether free or un-free, preceded the legal establishment of slavery in the 1660s, and it was this framework of discrimination, (Degler pg. 52) that is referred to as the leading cause b ehind the enslavement of African Americans specifically. Negroes were treated as an inferior to the white man, servant or free, from the moment that they arrived in the New World, years before slavery became a legal institution. While at first Negroes were rarely called slaves, the fact that historical evidence points to the existence of such an institution should not be overlooked. Dating back to the colonial era, prejudice has been an American trait that has been expressed towards men of color, dark skin specifically. Degler uses Americans treatment of Indians in the early ages of the New World as proof. The fact that an inferior and onerous service was established for the Indian makes it plausible to suppose that a similar status would be reserved for the equally different and pagan Negro, Degler remarked (pg. 53). Just as Englishmen created an image of inadequacy for the Indians and, as a whole, were unwill...

Soul Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Soul Individualism - Essay Example Historically speaking, human life revolved around the idea of serving the divine being to gain worldly profits and satisfactory existence. A number of practices like human sacrifice for the sake of making the divine being happy are clear indicators of the fact that humans societies of the past were willing to go to any extent merely for the purpose of satisfying the blood thirsty nature of the divine being; and the fact that divine being is satisfied by bloodshed was merely their own thought with no solid proof behind. The concept of soul originated to explain a number of phenomena that could not be explained by ordinary means. The perception that soul is not destroyable appears to be a modern way of explaining the concept of soul. Human beings as individuals have been considered to be the embodiments of soul; every soul being enclosed within the body till the time of death; death being a state that results due to separation of body and soul. The coexistence of body and soul provided existence to an individual; the individual in turn possesses a self. In ancient languages like Hebrew, a word to explain ‘essential self’ is lacking; the self that could survive death (Watson 143). Politically speaking, around 510/509 BC, the Roman law manifested a number of changes that were more inclined towards preserving the rights of individuals rather than the divine being or the state (Watson 154). Law was becoming more and more powerful whereas the concept of depriving the ruler of unlimited powers was gaining pace. With the promotion of the concept of accountability, the individuals were gaining more and more power, and the system to run the state was becoming more and more humanistic. The conditions which led to the rise of the west appear to be similar to these conditions. In America from example â€Å"democracy was established on the western shores of the Atlantic and–equally important–that it was similar from community to

2 Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 Reflection - Essay Example Part of it can be external, with us investing in causes that we think are appropriate. Another way to do it is through values and codes of ethics. A question that has troubled many people since the dawn of time is how should a person lead a good, ethical life? Furthermore, how should a business behave in an ethical manner? There are as many theories as there are grains of sand on the beach, but a few ideas over the years have been more popular than others. Some people are born into religions where these questions are answered for them. They are able to know from an young age what their god tells them is the right thing to do and what is the wrong thing. Others question their faith and try to revise their morality, bringing in parts of other religions or philosophies. Still others have no real faith and try to build a moral foundation out of their personal experience adding rules and content to it as the years go by. In the world of today we see a new strain of thinking: the professional code of conduct. This is the form of CSR that may be most cost effective to a company. It is easy to impose, sounds good to the public, and co sts a company little. Plus, in the end it will pay dividends. This code would set out what members can and cannot do. But not all codes are created equal. Some are exhaustive, others merely illustrative. Some make suggestions, other state explicitly. However, it is important to be aware of the counterargument that exists to all CSR strategies. There are many unintended consequences for those who push the Corporate Social Responsibility agenda. It does not always lead to the results that a company might expect. Let businesses be businesses and let charities be charities. It is simply too confusing and leads to too many unintended consequences for things to be set up in any other manner. The bottom of a company sometimes falls out there: there are no sure

Transnational Strategy of Levi Strauss Coursework

Transnational Strategy of Levi Strauss - Coursework Example Since Levis is considered a status symbol and commands a premium from European and Asian consumers, wherein the U.S. its status has been eroded by the competitors like Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren, it motivates Levis to sell its products in the global market. Levis also has to customize its offering as per local taste as different markets have varied needs in terms of size, color etc i.e. achieve national responsiveness and also has to take advantage of low-cost raw material, production facilities where ever they are available i.e. global integration. A transnational strategy seeks to achieve high levels of both national responsiveness and global integration simultaneously by overcoming the tradeoff between the conflicting demands of the two pressures (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1991). Thus Levis has employed the transnational strategy by allowing its foreign subsidiaries to customize the jeans as per local taste with variety of colors and sizes for greater local/national responsiveness - achieving external flexibility and keeping the production facility centralized, at the most cost-effective places, procuring the raw material from the cheapest suppliers and supplying them throughout and transferring of learning from one market to other markets ensures global integration - the internal efficiency. For example, marketing knowledge learned on Decker’s in the U.S. was transferred to Europe. An organization’s structure is determined by the strategy it pursues. Levis follows a transnational strategy to achieve its goals, which requires a strategic combination of global standardization and local customization i.e. dynamic flexibility. The centralization/decentralization required by a firm depends on demand for global integration and local responsiveness.